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Land Art is also sometimes referred to as "Earth Art", "Landscape
Art", or "Earthworks"; all of these are subtypes of "Environment Art".
From the Blue Springs, MO Public Art Commission's definitions:
"Land Art: A type of art that utilizes earth, rocks, soil, etc. as raw
materials."
http://www.bluespringsgov.com/Default%20Page%20Links/Art%20Commission/art_commission_definitions.htm
From greenmuseumWiki's webpage "What is environmental art?":
"Environmental art is an umbrella term that refers to early Land and
Earth Art as well as Art in Nature and Eco-art or Restoration Art as
well as other contemporary works with environmental themes and
functions (solar, data monitoring, etc). It's a general term for this
worldwide movement.
Earth Art, Land Art and Earthworks tend to look at "environment" as
"space" to be dug up or covered or shaped for conceptual/aesthetic
purposes. The art is usually not about ecosystems or nature, or
environmentalism, it's about art and clever ideas. Most of this was
done in the 60's and 70's and helped inspire other artists to work
outdoors."
About.com's feature article on Earth Art, by Andrew Alden:
http://geology.about.com/library/weekly/aa040697a.htm
Perhaps one of the oldest, most well-known examples of Land Art is
Stonehenge. Check out Martin Gray's Sacred Sites feature page on
Stonehenge at:
http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/stonehen.html
Another well-known example of Land Art is the Pyramids of Giza in
Egypt, as seen on Sacred Sites:
http://www.sacredsites.com/2nd56/378.html
From Artnet's Grove Dictionary under "Styles and Movements":
"Land art.
International art form that developed particularly from the late 1960s
and early 1970s. It was part of a revolt against painting and
sculpture and the anti-formalist current of the late 1960s that
included CONCEPTUAL ART and Arte Povera. A number of mainly British
and North American artists turned their attention to working directly
with nature, notably
Christo and Jeanne-Claude,
Walter De Maria,
Michael Heizer,
Dennis Oppenheim,
Robert Smithson and
Richard Long.
They created immense sculptures on the same scale as landscape itself,
or exhibited written and photographic accounts of their excursions.
With few exceptions, their works (also known as earthworks) are almost
inaccessible, situated far from human settlements in deserts or
abandoned areas. Their lifespan was brief: little by little they were
destroyed by the elements and often by erosion, so that for posterity
they exist only in the form of preparatory drawings, photographs or
films. The works themselves were seen by only a small number of people
and sometimes by only the artist."
http://www.artnet.com/library/04/0490/T049001.ASP
More Land Artists from the archived website of the Computer Science
Research Center of the Ecole des Mines de Paris:
"Jan Dibbets
Nancy Holt
Jean Clareboudt"
http://web.archive.org/web/20010427010845/http://www.cri.ensmp.fr/magg/fra/lexique/land_a.html
More artists listed on Colorado State's page on Land Artists:
"James Turrell...
Herbert Bayer...
Carl Andre...
Beverly Pepper...
Robert Irwin...
Mary Miss...
Mel Chin..."
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~bradleyg/u-art.html
From InfoPlease's definition for "Earthworks":
art form developed in the late 1960s and early 70s by Robert Smithson,
Robert Morris, and others, in which the artist employs the elements of
nature in situ or rearranges the landscape with earthmoving equipment.
The resulting work, often vast in scale, is subject to all natural
changes, such as temperature variations, light and darkness, wind, and
erosion. The technique was in part an attempt to counter the
perception of art as an acquirable commodity. Smithson's Spiral Jetty
(1970), a huge spiral of rock and salt crystal in the middle of the
Great Salt Lake, Utah, is a characteristic example of the earthwork
form. Because of the rising waters of the lake, the Spiral Jetty is no
longer visible. Other notable earthworks artists include
Michael Heizer,
Dennis Oppenheim,
Alice Aycock,
Nancy Holt,
Richard Long,
Walter de Maria Newton, and
Helen Harrison."
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0816561.html
Modern Artists/Creators of Land Art:
Colorado State's page on Land Artists shows numerous examples by many
artists:
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~bradleyg/u-art.html
Hilary Anne Frost-Kumpf's lecture on "Reclamation Art":
http://slaggarden.cfa.cmu.edu/weblinks/frost/FrostTop.html
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
-------------------------
Biography of Christo and Jeanne-Claude, from the Stanford Presidential
Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts:
http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/christo
The Art of Christo and Jeanne-Claude
http://www.christojeanneclaude.net
Walter De Maria
---------------
The Guggenheim Museum's Biography of Walter De Maria:
http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_37.html
Dia Center for the Arts' feature on:
"The Lightning Field"
http://www.diacenter.org/ltproj/lf/index.html
http://www.diacenter.org/permcoll/demaria/lfdarksm.jpg
"The Broken Kilometer"
http://www.diacenter.org/ltproj/bk/index.html
"The New York Earth Room"
http://www.diacenter.org/ltproj/er/index.html
Michael Heizer
--------------
Arnet's biography for Michael Heizer:
http://www.artnet.com/library/03/0373/T037317.asp
The Artist's page of resources for Michael Heizer:
http://www.the-artists.org/ArtistView.cfm?id=E7F63DCB-C856-4F21-85905A1691AE1C88
The NY Times Arts & Leisure article on "A Sculptor's Colossus of the
Desert" (December 12, 1999):
http://www.bebeyond.com/LearnEnglish/DailyReadings/Arts/DesertSculptor.htm
World House Gallery's page on "Effigy Tumuli":
http://www.worldhousegallery.com/pages/bookscats/information/62.html
Dennis Oppenheim
----------------
Ro Gallery's biography for Dennis Oppenheim:
http://www.rogallery.com/oppenheim_dennis/oppenheim-biography.htm
and page of works:
http://www.rogallery.com/oppenheim_dennis/doppenhm.htm
Robert Smithson (was married to Nancy Holt)
---------------
Biography from the National Museum of Contemporary Art in Oslo,
Norway:
http://www.museumsnett.no/mfs/1_2_5_1_e.html
Official website from the Estate of Robert Smithson:
http://www.robertsmithson.com
Artcyclopedia's page of links for Robert Smithson:
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/smithson_robert.html
Nancy Holt (widow of Robert Smithson)
----------
The University of Wisconsin - River Falls' page on "Dark Star Park"
http://www.uwrf.edu/history/prints/women/holt.html
Additional photo of "Dark Star Park" from Art In Context's website:
http://www.artincontext.org/LISTINGS/IMAGES/FULL/0/2BOVYOM0.htm
ArtsEdNet's page on "Sky Mound":
http://www.getty.edu/artsednet/images/Ecology/sky.html
Proposed finished view of "Sky Mound", from Hilary Anne Frost-Kumpf's
lecture on "Reclamation Art":
http://slaggarden.cfa.cmu.edu/weblinks/FrostGIF/Frost11.gif
Richard Long
------------
The Guggenheim Museum's Biography of Richard Long:
http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_91.html
From the artist's own website page of works:
http://www.richardlong.org/sculptures.html
Sculpture of Goodwood's page on "Six Stone Circles":
http://www.sculpture.org.uk/work/000000100075
More Land Art images can be seen in the Photo Gallery of the
California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture:
http://www.calearth.org/photogal.htm
For more in-depth information, examples, and critiques of various
works, try John Beardsley's "Earthworks and Beyond":
from Abbeville Press ($35.00):
http://www.abbeville.com/booktemplate.asp?stockno=2964
from Amazon.com ($24.50):
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789202964
If you are interested in experimenting with creating works of your
own, try PlanetBrett's How-To page on creating Land Art:
http://www.planetbrett.fsnet.co.uk/land_art.htm
Search Strategy
definition of "land art"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=definition+of+%22land+art%22&btnG=Google+Search
"earth art"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22earth+art%22&btnG=Google+Search
Earthworks art
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Earthworks+art&btnG=Google+Search
"Walter De Maria"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Walter+De+Maria%22&btnG=Google+Search
"Michael Heizer"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Michael+Heizer%22&btnG=Google+Search
"Dennis Oppenheim"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Dennis+Oppenheim%22&btnG=Google+Search
"Robert Smithson"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Robert+Smithson%22&btnG=Google+Search
"Richard Long"
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22Richard+Long%22
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I really enjoyed learning about this subject, and discovered that I
like this type of art very much. I hope this Answer provides you with
exactly the information you needed!
Regards,
aceresearcher |
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