Greetings, shar!
There are a lot of online resources about ethics in decision-making in
relation to medical considerations, and several for business
applications as well.
GENERAL
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"Making Ethical Decisions" booklet by the Josephson Institute of
Ethics
"Making ethical decisions requires the ability to make distinctions
between competing choices. It requires training, in the home and
beyond... The Institute advocates principled decision-making based on
six values that cut across time, culture, politics, religion,
ethnicity and other human division. These values, called the "Six
Pillars of Character," are trustworthiness, respect, responsibility,
fairness, caring and good citizenship (responsible participation in
society). The Six Pillars are the basis of ethically defensible
decisions and the foundation of well-lived lives."
http://www.josephsoninstitute.org/MED/MED-1makingsense.htm
"Ethical Decision Making Tips", from the University of California -
Berkeley's Alumni Association website (adapted from a University of
Kansas student leadership publication):
"Most decisions that leaders make involve some kind of choice. Many
times it may not be a clear cut right or wrong issue, but involve a
"judgment call" focusing on the leader's and members' values and
beliefs... Typically, an ethical dillema is when two "goods" are in
conflict...
- What is the dilemma?...
- What are the facts?...
- What values are apparent in the situation?...
- Which values do I wish to advance here?...
- Is it legal?...
- Is it balanced or fair to all sides?...
- How will it make me feel about myself?...
- Which of the above values is most important to you?...
- What are the alternative courses of action/options?...
- What are the consequences, risks, and implications of each
option?...
- What is my decision?...
Some other considerations that might help you sort things out:
- Ultimately I have to take responsibility for what I do
and do not do. Can I live with this decision?
- Is my action ultimately doing more good than harm?
- How is this decision affecting the "stakeholders" in this
situation?
- Am I using excuses to justify my behavior?
- Would I be proud to have my decision placed in the headline news?
- Am I practicing the golden rule -
'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you?'"
http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Students/Leadership/Online_LRC/Being_a_Leader/Ethical_Decision_Making_Tips.asp
HEALTHCARE
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"Ethical Implications of Genetic Information" by Jean Jenkins Ph.D.,
R.N., F.A.A.N., Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Article (February
9, 2001)
"Table 1. Selected Ethical and Societal Concerns About Genetic
Information:
- Clinical issues
- Conceptual/Philosophical implications
- Uncertainties of information
- Informed decisions
- Privacy and confidentiality
- Fairness in the use of genetic information
- Psychological impact
- Reproductive issues
- Policy implications
- Commercialization
- Safety and environmental impact
- Futuristic concerns"
http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_5.htm
"A New World View of Genetics Service Models" by Dale Halsey Lea, MPH,
RN
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (Vol. 5, No. 3, Manuscript 6):
"Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications:
The advances in both genetics and Internet technologies require that
nurses in all levels of practice consider their responsibilities in
handling genetic information, and the potential ethical, legal and
social implications. Ethical issues that challenge nurses in the
context of genetics include privacy, confidentiality, access to and
justice in healthcare, and informed health decisions. Although these
ethical issues are not new, their application to genetics clinical
practice now and in the future present additional and unique ethical
dimensions which require nursing attention (Grady, 1998)."
http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic13/tpc13_6.htm
"Organizational And Administrative Ethics In Health Care: An Ethics
Gap" by Mary Cipriano Silva, PhD, RN, FAAN, Online Journal of Issues
in Nursing (December 31, 1998):
"Building an Ethics Infrastructure:
What can be done about unethical organizational cultures? Renz and
Eddy (1996) offer four strategies to build a solid ethics
infrastructure:
- Conduct a formal process to clarify and articulate the
organization's values and link them to the mission and vision.
- Facilitate communication and learning about ethics and ethical
issues, including values clarification and reflection on their link to
practice.
- Create structures that encourage and support the culture.
- Create processes to monitor and offer feedback on ethical
performance. (p. 33)"
http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic8/topic8_1.htm
"A Framework for Ethical Decision-Making: Version 6.0 Ethics
Shareware" by Michael McDonald, with additions by Paddy Rodney and
Rosalie Starzomski (Jan. '01)
"3. Use your ethical resources to identify morally significant factors
in each alternative.
3.1. Principles
These are principles that are widely accepted in one form or another
in the common moralities of many communities and organizations.
Autonomy
Would we be exploiting others, treating them paternalistically, or
otherwise affecting them without their free and informed consent? Have
promises been made?
Non-maleficence
Will this harm patients, caregivers, or members of the general public?
Beneficence
Is this an occasion to do good to others? Remember that we can do good
by preventing or removing harms.
Justice
Are we treating others fairly? Do we have fair procedures? Are we
producing just outcomes? Are we respecting morally significant rights
and entitlements?
Fidelity
Are we being faithful to institutional and professional roles? Are we
living up to the trust relationships that we have with others.
3.2. Moral models...
3.3. Use ethically informed sources...
3.4. Context...
3.5. Personal judgements...
3.6 Organized procedures for ethical consultation..."
http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/mcdonald/decisions.html
From the ACHE [American College of Healthcare Executives"] Policy
Statements:
"Ethical Decision Making for Healthcare Executives" (August 1993,
February 1997 [revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/decision.cfm
"Creating an Ethical Environment for Employees" (March 1992, August
1995, [revised], November 2000 [revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/environ.cfm
"Decisions Near the End of Life" (August 1994, November 1999
[revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/endoflif.cfm
"Ethical Issues Related to a Reduction in Force" (August 1995,
November 2000 [revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/Downsize.cfm
"Ethical Issues Related to Staff Shortages" (March 2002)
http://www.ache.org/policy/shortage.cfm
"Health Information Confidentiality" (February 1994, November 1997
[revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/Hiconf.cfm
"Impaired Healthcare Executives" (February 1991, March 1995 [revised],
November 2000 [revised])
http://www.ache.org/policy/impaired.cfm
BUSINESS
--------
A Framework for Ethical Decision-Making (January 20, 2001), from The
Alon Ben-Meir Institute:
"In a relentlessly competitive real estate industry, brokers are
routinely called upon to make ethical decisions involving from their
immediate self-interest, which tests their moral stamina. How can
brokers avoid temptation in an industry that, by its very nature,
presents such frequent challenges?
...To address this situation effectively, it is useful to consider the
framework for ethical decision- making developed by the Markkula
Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. The framework
suggests that first we must recognize the moral issue; second, get the
facts; third, evaluate the alternative options from moral
perspectives; fourth, make a decision; and finally, act, and then
reflect on the decision later."
http://www.alonben-meir.com/essay/ethic_dec_making.html
There is a nice PowerPoint presentation "Ethical Decision Making and
Information Technology" taken from "Ethical Decision Making and
Information Technology: An Introduction with Cases by Ernest A Kallman
& John P. Grillo (2nd edition, Mitchell McGraw-Hill, 1996) created by
Dr. Carol Jeffries on her website at the OLLU School of Business:
http://intrabus.ollusa.edu/jeffc/csys4360/2001sp/4360EthicalDecisionsandIT.ppt
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