Hello again Prpro and thank you for your question.
I've organized a digest of links to excellent articles and studies
which provide statistical information, facts and figures related to
what you listed in your question.
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NO INDIANS - NO SILICON VALLEY
http://www.y-axis.com/yaxisnewsroom/intouchjun26.html
“It's safe to say that without Indian immigrants the Valley wouldn't
be what it is today. Indian engineers have been coming to the U.S. in
increasing numbers since the early 1970s; almost half the H-1B visas
given by the State Department go to Indian engineers.”
==============================
The Indians of Silicon Valley
The hidden geniuses of the tech revolution are Indian engineers
by Melanie Warner, May 2000 Issue
http://www.business2.com/articles/mag/0,1640,7764,FF.html
According to Siliconindia magazine the Indian immigrants who live in
the Bay Area and work in high tech are roughly 200,000,
“Bay Area Indian immigrants represent America's most successful
immigrant group. Collectively, they've created companies that account
for $235 billion of market value.
(..)
Ensim, Instantis, 123SignUp, and Paramark--were all founded by Indians
who attended IIT (Indian Institute of Technology).”
==============================
Migration News
April 2000
Volume 7 Number 4
http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/archive_mn/apr_2000-20mn.html
“There are a million Indian-Americans in the US. They have among the
highest median family incomes of any ethnic group, $60,000, compared
to the average $39,000. About 60 percent of Indian-Americans over 25
have a BA degree or more, and an estimated 5,000 are professors at US
colleges and universities.
There are about 300,000 Indian-Americans in Silicon Valley--750
Silicon Valley companies are believed to be headed by persons of
Indian origin-- and Indian-Americans head about one-sixth of high-tech
startups.
The Indians most likely to be hired as H-1Bs in the US are graduates
of six Indian Institutes of Technology scattered across India.”
==============================
TIME.COM
Golden Diaspora
Wednesday, March 7, 2001
ANTHONY SPAETH/NEW DELHI
http://www.indianembassy.org/ind_us/news_media/TIME_com%20TIME%20Magazine%20--%20The%20Golden%20Diaspora.htm
Indians have one of the highest per capita incomes of any immigrant
group in the U.S.
“The only category in which India really leads immigration statistics
is the number of people granted H1B visas for "workers with speciality
occupations." Indians take about 20% of all H1B visas issued each
year, by far the largest proportion.
Then came the Silicon Valley boom, which shows no sign of letting up.
As a result of all these circumstances, the Indian diaspora in the
U.S.
tends to be the intellectual and commercial elite. According to the
Center for Immigration Studies, only 3% of Indian arrivals lack a high
school education, and 75% of working Indians are college graduates.”
According to AnnaLee Saxenian, about one-third of the engineers in
Silicon Valley are of Indian descent, while 7% of valley high-tech
firms are led by Indian ceos. Some successes are well known, such as
Vinod Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, and Sabeer Bhatia, who
founded HotMail and sold it to Microsoft for $400 million.”
==============================
No Mystery To Asian Tech Players' Success -- They're Immigrants
By Rene Ciria-Cruz
http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/6.09/000504-siliconasians.html
“Immigrants made up 32 percent of the Silicon Valley's scientific and
engineering workforce. Two-thirds of them were from Asia -- 55 percent
were Chinese and 23 percent were Indian.
English-proficient Indians predominate in software development and
business services. Chinese immigrants lean towards computer and
electronic hardware manufacturing and trade, where English skills
aren't as crucial.”
==============================
http://216.239.53.100/search?q=cache:At1RCuNwd2wC:www.andhrapradesh.com/apwebsite/ourcm/speech_hiteccity.html+Indian+CEOs+led+*+percent+of+all+Silicon+Valley+companies&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
About one third of engineers in Silicon Valley are from India, while
seven percent of its high – tech firms are led by Indian
==============================
Skilled Immigrants and Silicon Valley
http://www.ailf.org/polrep/1999/pr9908.htm
In 1998, 2,001 Chinese-run and 774 Indian-run new businesses accounted
for $16.8 billion in sales and over 58,000 jobs in Silicon Valley.
1998 Sales and Employment of Silicon Valley
High-Tech Firms Led by a Chinese or Indian CEO
No. of Firms Total Sales ($M) Total
Employment
Indian 774 3,588 16,598
Chinese 2,001 13,237 41,684
Total 2,775 16,825 58,282
==============================
Immigrants in California - 2002
http://www.ppic.org/facts/immigrantscalif_july02.pdf
Immigrants are highly educated.
“Immigrants’ educational attainment varies enormously by country of
origin. Among the largest immigrant groups in California, those from
India have the highest levels of educational attainment, with over
half (57 percent) having college degrees.”
==============================
Indians change demographic face of Silicon Valley
http://www.careerindia.com/careerhub/acrossseas/news/2805silicon.html
Sunnyvale (California):
“Sunnyvale, a city in the heart of California's Silicon Valley, has
officially become the centre of the exploding Indian migration to
high-tech America.
According to US census figures, Silicon Valley's population whose
origins are from India nearly doubled in the last decade, increasing
by 97 per cent to 314,819.
Sunnyvale led that growth with an Indian population increase of a
whopping 528 per cent.
Silicon Valley is now the official home to California's largest Indian
population, a booming centre of immigration that's changing the
demographic face of the United States.
"Sunnyvale's Indian population boom is the future of this country,"
said Dan Rich, the city's assistant manager.”
Santa Clara County:
“Santa Clara County, which includes Sunnyvale, saw its Indian
population jump 231 per cent in the last decade, to 66,741, the latest
census data states.
That has pushed the county into a ranking of third overall in US
Indian populations.
(..)
On the large scale, 10 years ago, Caucasians made up a majority of the
student population. Now, they comprise only 26 per cent of the student
body. Asians, which include Indians, now comprise 18 per cent of
Sunnyvale's student population, still behind the 38 per cent Hispanic
population.
Many attribute Silicon Valley's Indian migration to the convergence of
three overriding themes, India's Independence in 1947, its ingrained
ruling class and Silicon Valley's meritocracy-based thirst for
talent.”
==============================
Indian Americans – A Story of Achievement
http://www.indianembassy.org/indusrel/clinton_india/india_americans.html
About 300,000 Indian Americans work in technology firms in
California’s Silicon Valley. They account for more than 15%[i] of
high-tech startups in that region. The median income of Indian
Americans in that region is estimated to be $125,000 (average
$200,000) a year.
==============================
Indians leading the boom in California's Asian population
State residents of Indian descent increased 97 percent during the
1990s by JUSTIN PRITCHARD
May 24, 2001
http://www.ocregister.com/features/census/0524indianscci.shtml
Californians of Indian descent have become the fastest-growing group
within the state's fastest-growing racial category, according to new
census data.
“Residents of Indian descent immigrated to California in such high
numbers that the statewide population rose 97 percent, to 315,000
people - or just under 1 percent of California's population.”
Orange County:
The Indian population rose 68 percent, to 27,197 people.
San Jose:
“San Jose, now the city with the second-largest Indian population in
the United States, has more Indians than 37 states. Thanks to its
burgeoning high-tech job base, it topped Los Angeles as the California
city with the largest Indian population.”
(..)
“One clear reason for the increase are the high-tech work papers
called H-1B visas, which the United States parceled out increasingly
during the late 1990s. In 1989, Indian nationals received 2,100 such
visas - in 1999, that number was 55,000.
Though federal immigration officials can't say where those workers end
up, the growth of Indians in cities such as San Jose, Fremont and
Sunnyvale is a telling clue. “
==============================
Harvard University Asia Center
"Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? The Silicon Valley-Asia Connection"
Professor AnnaLee Saxenian
September 29, 2000
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/mas/summaries/MAS_092900.html
A brief excerpts from this article:
“Saxenian explained that these immigrants in the Silicon Valley are
more highly educated than their native-born counterparts and more
highly represented in professional and technical occupations. Their
wages, she claimed, are at least as high as their counterparts who are
engaged in managerial occupations back at home. The Silicon Valley
immigrants come to the U.S. under a common trajectory: originating
from the most elite engineering universities in India, China, and
Taiwan, and enrolling in graduate programs across the United States.
Large amounts of U.S. funding in science and engineering (that many
U.S. students were not interested in) encouraged the influx of
high-skilled Asian students particularly in the 1970s and 80s. By
1990, close to fifty percent of all [graduate-level] science and
engineering degrees awarded in the U.S. were awarded to foreign-born
students.
==============================
Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs by AnnaLee Saxenian
June 1999
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC120/index.html
This detailed study provides an overview of immigration and
entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley, the origins of Silicon Valley’s
ethnic networks and the globalization of Silicon Valley’s ethnic
networks
Overview of Immigration and Entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC120/ppic120.ch2.html
________________________________________________________________
Immigration of Indians into Silicon Valley High-Technology Industries,
by Year
1980-1989 1970-1979 Before 1970 Native
No. % No. % No % No %
4,367 60 1,963 27 803 11 162 2
__________________________________________________________________
“32 percent of the Indian and 23 percent of the Chinese employed in
Silicon Valley in 1990 had advanced degrees, compared to only 11
percent for the white population.”
Table 2.4
Education of Indians, Chinese, and Whites
in Silicon Valley High-Technology
Industries, 1990
Table 2.5
Occupations of Indians, Chinese, and Whites
in Silicon Valley High-Technology
Industries, 1990
Figure 2.2--Standardized Annual Earnings by Race and Occupation in
Silicon Valley High-Technology Industries, 1989
Table 2.6
1998 Sales and Employment of Silicon Valley High-Technology Firms
Led by a Chinese or Indian CEO
Table 2.7
Chinese- and Indian-Run Companies as Share of Total
Silicon Valley High-Technology
Start-Ups, 1980-1998
Table 2.8
Sectoral Distribution of Indian and Chinese High-Technology Firms
Started in Silicon Valley, 1980-1998
The above tables and figures may be reviewed here:
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC120/ppic120.ch2.html
The Origins of Silicon Valley's Ethnic Networks
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC120/ppic120.ch3.html
The Globalization of Silicon Valley's Ethnic Networks
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC120/ppic120.ch4.html
==============================
Silicon Valley Immigrants Forging Local and Transnational Networks
Fall 2002
http://www.bayareacouncil.org/pubs/bep/Fall2002.pdf
This article summarizes a 2002 report published by the Public Policy
Institute of California.
“One of the most striking findings is that first-generation immigrants
have quickly adopted the start-up models and networking patterns that
distinguish the Silicon Valley business environment. (..) Although
most immigrants surveyed had arrived in the United States within the
last ten years, over half (51 percent) have been involved in founding
or running a startup company.”
On page 2 of this publication there is a chart illustrating the
Percentage of Immigrant Professionals Involved in Founding or Running
a Start-Up Company.
On page 3 of this publication there is a chart illustrating the
Average Number of Business Trips to Native Country over the Last Three
Years.
“Between 40 and 50 percent of those who started businesses did so with
two to four cofounders from their native countries. However, this
ethnic dominance steadily decreased as the companies grew.”
“The majority of Silicon Valley’s Indian (76 percent) and Chinese (73
percent) immigrants, particularly those in the younger age groups,
reported that they would consider starting businesses in their native
countries in the future.”
The full text of the study “Local and Global Networks of Immigrant
Professionals in Silicon Valley” by AnnaLee Saxenian 2002 can be read
here:
http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC159/index.html
==============================
A January 2002 article titled Reflections from Afar
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/jan-june02/reflections_1-09.html
“Of the estimated two million Indians-- most of them Hindus-- who live
in the United States, a quarter of a million live, work and worship
near San Francisco.”
==============================
The Silicon Valley Indians
By Kevin Wu, BeBeyond.com,
http://www.bebeyond.com/KeepCurrent/Indepth/Indians.html
“This group of Indian population in the San Francisco Bay Area,
roughly 200,000, represents one of America's most successful immigrant
groups. Collectively, their companies account for $235 billion of
market value. They founded or controlled many of today's hottest
startups, such as Exodus (one of the most successful web hosts),
Juniper Networks (the high-end router maker that poses the greatest
threat to Cisco), and Ramp Networks (which develop Internet access
solutions for the small-office market), just to name a few.”
(..)
Of the estimated 2,000 startups in Silicon Valley today, 40% are
Indian-spawned (half of those by IIT graduates). And since they have
access to the most talented pool of Indian engineers, they can
assemble an all-star technical team faster than their competitors to
implement their ideas.”
==============================
Search Criteria:
Indian immigrants, Silicon valley, technology, high tech, san
Francisco bay Area, California, statistics, demographics, census,
ethnic background, startup
I hope you find this helpful and if any part of my answer is unclear,
please don't hesitate to ask for clarification. I'll be happy to be
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Bobbie7-ga |
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