Hello, kellyclose-ga!
Thanks for your question. I remember the days when we had Physical
Education five days a week, from elementary school all through high
school. Now, in high school, they only have totake one year! I rarely
remember obese children or teenagers when I was growing up, but the
trend toward young children and teenagers packing on the pounds is
alarming.
There are countless scientific articles linking diabetes to obesity,
and almost every one I have referenced has numerous links or titles to
pursue if your want more detail. I found few actual interviews, so I
tried to round my references out with some mainstream articles along
with the journal types.
The following references should provide you with a good start!
“Five Surprising Findings on Obesity.” Laurus Health (2001) at
http://www.laurushealth.com/healthyliving/may02familyhomeobesityfindings.htm
Excerpts follow:
“Doctors believe rising childhood obesity helps explain a sharp
increase in type 2 diabetes among kids.
"The best data demonstrate that type 2 diabetes, which was a rare
disease in children and teenagers, is now much more common," Dr.
Dietz* says. In type 2 diabetes, the body can't make enough insulin or
use it properly. In 1990, fewer than 4 percent of childhood diabetes
cases were type 2. Today, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 20
percent of childhood diabetes, says the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP). Among some minorities and in some age groups, the rate is even
higher.”
“The AAP says 85 percent of children with type 2 diabetes are obese.
The disease usually turns up in middle to late puberty. Children who
get little exercise, eat too much and have a family history of
diabetes are at highest risk.”
*(William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D., is the director of the CDC Division
of Nutrition and Physical Activity.)
“Kids and Obesity: A Recipe for Diabetes. with Eileen Beehan, RD.
Transcript, Eileen Beehan. WebMD Health at
http://my.webmd.com/content/article/2/1700_51635?
Moderator: What kinds of problems are obese children facing?
Behan: Obese children are facing the risk of heart disease, high blood
pressure, diabetes, sleep apnea, even asthma and psychological
difficulties, particularly with peers.
Moderator: A newly published study of obese children showed that of
kids aged 4-10, 25% had impaired glucose tolerance. Of those aged
11-18, 21% had impaired glucose tolerance. What is the significance of
these findings?
Behan: I think the significance is that it is proof that this
overweight problem is truly dangerous to children's health, because
what this means, we always suspected that being overweight increases
the risk of having diabetes, and this study shows in fact that being
overweight is a risk for having impaired glucose, which is not the
same as full-blown diabetes. But it means the kids are at greater
risk.
Moderator: The study also showed 4% of the obese adolescents already
had type 2 diabetes that neither they nor the parents were aware of.
Behan: In this study, 4% of the kids had diabetes and no one knew it,
and that's in 167 kids. Now, if that is true for the rest of the
population, it just makes my concerns greater that more kids than we
think might have diabetes and we just haven't tested them.
Member: How overweight does a child need to be, to be considered at
risk?
Behan: I don't really know at what point a child would be at risk for
diabetes, but any child above 85th percentile is considered
overweight, and if you are concerned about weight, a parent's reaction
should not be to put their child on a restrictive diet. Instead, the
goal should be healthy eating and exercise. And the prescription for
preventing diabetes is exactly that: healthy eating and exercise.
“Diabetes on the Rise: A Wake-Up Call to Change Your Lifestyle,” by
Dr. Barry Bittman. Health World Online (2000) at
http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/column.asp?PageType=Column&Id=314
Excerpts follow:
“While genetic components certainly exist, the principle risk factors
for Type II Diabetes are preventable. These include obesity and
diminished physical activity.”
“Based on the latest statistics, more than half of U.S. adults are
overweight. According to the NIH, this includes 54.9% of U.S. adults
(97.1 million) æ 50% of women and 59% of men. Of greater concern is
the fact that 22.3% of U.S. adults (39.8 million) are obese 25 % of
women and 19.5% of men. Unfortunately, these numbers have risen (from
1960 to 1994, the prevalence of obesity increased from 13.4 to 22.3%)
and are continuing to rise (from 1991 to 1998, obesity increased in
every state of the United States in both genders).”
“The weight statistics for Diabetics aren't surprising. Among
individuals with Type II Diabetes, 67 percent have a BMI equal to or
greater than 27, and 46 percent have a BMI in the "obese" zone.”
“Striving to maintain a healthy body weight and fat percentage can
greatly help prevent Diabetes, a leading cause of disability and
death. Coupled with proper exercise, we have the potential to greatly
enhance our capacity for disease prevention.”
“Scientists Link Obesity Gene to Diabetes,” by Julie Cunningham. BYU
Newsnet (11/8/2002 at http://newsnet.byu.edu/story.cfm/40785
Excerpts follow:
“The discovery of a human gene linked to hereditary obesity may allow
scientists to develop a cure for the disease, and has once again
revealed the significant association between obesity and type 2
diabetes.”
“Scientists at Myriad Genetics in Salt Lake City teamed up with the
University of Utah for the Human Obesity 1 gene project. The discovery
of the obesity gene, HOB1, was announced earlier last week”
"Obesity is an area of great medical importance, and there aren't any
really effective medications currently on the market," said Bill
Hockett, vice president of corporate communications for Myriad
Genetics. "There are a couple of things that help with dieting, but
they are not the same as a drug that could really make a huge
difference in people's lives like one based on this HOB1 gene.”
"How obesity causes type 2 diabetes is not known, but the association
between the two is very obvious," said Dr. Joseph Miner, Utah County
Health Department executive director. "The more obese you are, the
more resistant your cells are to responding to the insulin, therefore
causing you to have high blood sugars."
Unlike type 1 diabetes, many sufferers of type 2 who are diagnosed
with diabetes because of their weight, Miner said.
"There are many good examples of how weight loss definitely helps
improve management of type 2 diabetes," Miner said. "They very likely
won't need any insulin and can be managed with oral medications and
pills. Sometimes they don't even need that."
“Diet and Exercise Dramatically Delay Type-2 Diabetes.” National
Alliance to Nurture the Aged and Youth at
http://www.nanay.com/News%20Update/Aug%202001/Diabetes.htm
Excerpts follow:
“At least 10 million Americans at high risk for Type-2 diabetes can
sharply lower their chances of getting the disease with diet and
exercise, according to the findings of a major clinical trial
announced by HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson on August 8, 2001 at the
National Institutes of Health (NIH). The diabetes medication metformin
is also effective.”
“Participants randomly assigned to intensive lifestyle intervention
reduced their risk of getting Type-2 diabetes by 58 percent. On
average, this group maintained their physical activity at 30 minutes
per day, usually with walking or other moderate intensity exercise,
and lost 5-7 percent of their body weight. Participants randomized to
treatment with metformin reduced their risk of getting Type-2 diabetes
by 31 percent.”
“The findings came from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a
major clinical trial comparing diet and exercise to treatment with
metformin in 3,234 people with impaired glucose tolerance, a condition
that often precedes diabetes. On the advice of the DPP's external data
monitoring board, the trial ended a year early because the data had
clearly answered the main research questions.”
“Smaller studies in China and Finland have shown that diet and
exercise can delay Type-2 diabetes in at-risk people, but the DPP,
conducted at 27 centers nationwide, is the first major trial to show
that diet and exercise can effectively delay diabetes in a diverse
American population of overweight people with impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT). IGT is a condition in which blood glucose levels are
higher than normal but not yet diabetic.”
(Click on above link to read the entire article)
“The Ominous Link Between Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes.”
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/federal/advances/2002/ominous-link.pdf
Excerpts follow:
“But how is an increase in obesity related to an increase in
diabetes? For a long time, scientists have known that obese or
overweight people are far more likely to develop type 2 diabetes; in
fact, 80 percent of patients
with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. However, only recently
have scientists begun to find the biological molecules that connect
these two health problems.”
“How is obesity connected to insulin resistance and diabetes? Clues
are being found in unexpected places. Surprisingly, fat cells are not
passive storehouses for fat, just keeping fat in case it is needed for
energy. Instead, fat cells actively sense changes in energy
availability and
signal the brain and other tissues to regulate feeding and cellular
processes. Scientists are learning that fat cells send out these
signals in the form of special hormones, or signaling proteins, which
the fat cells
make and secrete. With the discoveries of novel signal-ing Hormones,
scientists are learning that the connec-tion between fat and diabetes
involves a complex balance of fat cell hormones. “
“The Link Between Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes,” by Trudor Tomor. The
Scientist. (1/18/2001) at
http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20010118/03/
Excerpts follow:
“A link between obesity and type II diabetes has long been suspected
but details of the mechanism were unknown. Now, a newly discovered
hormone described in 18 January Nature is proposed as the essential
link between obesity and type II diabetes.”
“Michell Lazar and colleagues from University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine found that adipocytes secrete a unique signalling protein,
which they call 'resistin' (for resistance to insulin). They showed
that in mice bred to have both diet-induced and hereditary diabetes
the resistin levels are higher than in controls. A commonly used
anti-diabetic drug (rosiglitazone) reduces the resistin levels and
administering an anti-resistin antibody improves blood sugar and
insulin action in mice with diet-induced obesity (Nature 2001,
409:307-312). The role of resistin in normal physiology is not known.”
(You will need a subscription to Nature at
http://www.nature.com/nature/ if you want to access the full article
online)
“Obesity and insulin resistance,” by Barbara B. Kahn and Jeffrey S.
Flier.
J Clin Invest 2000 Aug;106(4):473-81 at
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/106/4/473
Excerpt from Conclusion follows:
“The relationship of obesity to insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes is a long-recognized phenomenon with fundamentally important
scientific and clinical implications. The paradox that either absence
or excess of adipose tissue causes insulin resistance highlights the
complexity of this relationship and underscores the fact that adipose
tissue undoubtedly subserves multiple functions. Advances over the
last decade have expanded our understanding of the role of adipocytes
in biology, and this has begun to provide mechanistic insights into
the causal relationship between obesity and diabetes.”
“Most likely, the complex orchestration of the relationship between
adipose tissue, insulin action, and glucose homeostasis evolved out of
survival needs to maintain fuel supplies when food was scarce. Now in
times of plenty in Western society, obesity with its accompanying
morbidities has reached epidemic proportions and the need for
scientific advances to identify new therapeutic approaches could not
be more acute. The challenge to use the increasing repertoire of
adipocyte functions to shift the equation of energy intake and
utilization toward reduced fat storage holds great opportunities to
alter the course of human disease.”
**(This article has an extensive list of reference articles at the
end!)
“Diabetes – The Missing Link With Obesity,” by Jeffrey S. Flier.
Nature 409, 292 – 293 (2001) at
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v409/n6818/full/409292a0_r.html
Excerpt follows:
“The molecular mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and
diabetes have been elusive. A new protein, christened 'resistin', can
now be added to the panoply of factors that may be involved.”
“Type II diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in the Western
world, and is strongly linked to obesity — over 80% of sufferers are
obese. The molecular basis for this link has remained a mystery. On
page 307 of this issue1, however, Steppan and colleagues describe how
they have identified a new hormone, which they have named 'resistin',
that is produced by fat cells. Their results indicate that resistin
may form at least part of the missing link between obesity and
diabetes.”
“In patients with type II diabetes, insulin is less able to promote
the uptake of glucose into muscle and fat, and to inhibit the
production of glucose by the liver. Several molecular mechanisms are
known by which this state — insulin resistance — comes about, but the
full picture is not yet available2”
“Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Management – Type 2.” Learn About
Type-2 Diabetes at
http://www.learn-about-type-2-diabetes.com/
Excerpt:
“Obesity drugs are acknowledged parts of diabetes prevention in
Canada, Australia, and Europe, but recognition is slower coming in the
U.S. A recent four-year study, sponsored by Roche, found that the
fat-blocking anti-obesity drug, Xenical, had a significant impact on
the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.”
The Sound Images Cassette Tape Series has a few interesting topics you
may be interested in:
PRE 08 - Contemporary Answers to Troubling Questions in Diabetes and
Cardiology - 4 tapes
MTP 090 - The Epidemic of Obesity and Worldwide Type 2 Diabetes
https://www.soundimages.net/004/inventory.html
A lengthy PDF document titled “Diabetes in American Hispanics,” by
Micheal Stern, MD and Braxton Mitchell, PhD may be read at
http://diabetes-in-america.s-3.com/adobe/chpt32.pdf
The article highlights four studies that “have clearly established
that the prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is two
to three times higher in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic
whites.”
Please let me know if you need any further clarification or if any of
the links don’t work correctly before rating my answer.
umiat-ga
Google search strategy
+diabetes +link to +obesity
+clinician +interviews +diabetes +obesity |
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