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Q: quotes on importance of classification to intelligence ( Answered 3 out of 5 stars,   0 Comments )
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Subject: quotes on importance of classification to intelligence
Category: Miscellaneous
Asked by: daviddlewis2-ga
List Price: $7.50
Posted: 27 Jan 2003 11:50 PST
Expires: 26 Feb 2003 11:50 PST
Question ID: 149173
I'm looking for a pithy quote, preferably from a distinguished
scientist, about the importance to human and/or artificial
intelligence of sorting things into classes or groups.  Ideally it
will allude to very large numbers of classes and/or very large number
of cues/types of evidences used in decided what class some stimulus
falls into. Ideally, I'd like this by tomorrow (evening of January 28,
2003).
Answer  
Subject: Re: quotes on importance of classification to intelligence
Answered By: justaskscott-ga on 27 Jan 2003 14:16 PST
Rated:3 out of 5 stars
 
Hello davidlewis2-ga,

I have found a quote that, either in or out of context, seems to
address this topic.  It is by a distinguished philosopher, not a
distinguished scientist, but I think that it will meet your needs.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, in an 1837 address entitled "The American
Scholar", opined:

"But what is classification but the perceiving that these objects are
not chaotic, and are not foreign, but have a law which is also the law
of the human mind?"

"The Columbia World of Quotations.  1996.  Number: 21047"
Bartleby.com
http://www.bartleby.com/66/47/21047.html

The context for this quote is as follows:

"To the young mind everything is individual, stands by itself.  By and
by, it finds how to join two things and see in them one nature; then
three, then three thousand; and so, tyrannized over by its own
unifying instinct, it goes on tying things together, diminishing
anomalies, discovering roots running under ground whereby contrary and
remote things cohere and flower out from one stem.  It presently
learns that since the dawn of history there has been a constant
accumulation and classifying of facts.  But what is classification but
the perceiving that these objects are not chaotic, and are not
foreign, but have a law which is also a law of the human mind?  The
astronomer discovers that geometry, a pure abstraction of the human
mind, is nothing but the finding of analogy, identity, in the most
remote parts.  The ambitious soul sits down before each refractory
fact; one after another reduces all strange constitutions, all new
powers, to their class and their law, and goes on forever to animate
the last fiber of organization, the outskirts of nature, by insight."

"The American Scholar" (Hypertext Version By: Carolyn Barra)
American Literature I: From the Beginnings to the Civil War
Professor Cyrus R. K. Patell, Department of English (Fall 2002)
New York University
http://www.nyu.edu/classes/amlit/hyper/cvbtext.htm

As an alternative, here is quote from a social scientist (though one
with a philosophical bent), Emile Durkheim, from his 1912 work "The
Elementary Forms of Religious Life":

"There are, at the root of our judgments, a certain number of
essential notions that dominate our entire intellectual life; they are
those that philosophers, since Aristotle, have called the categories
of the understanding:  notions of time, space, genus, number, cause,
substance, personality, etc.  They correspond to the most universal
properties of things.  They are like the solid framework that encloses
thought; it seems we cannot think of objects that are not in time or
space, which are not numerable, etc.  Other notions are contingent and
changeable; we conceive that they may be lacking to a person, a
society, an epoch; the former appear to be nearly inseparable from the
normal functioning of the mind."

Google cache of "Chapter I: Durkheim and the Social Character of the
Categories"
Home Page for:  Warren Schmaus, Professor of Philosophy, Lewis
Department of Humanities, Illinois Institute of Technology
http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:hu38MK3PZCUC:www.iit.edu/~schmaus/Durkheim/1/chapter1.htm

I think that you could take an excerpt from either of these passages,
though my sense is that the Emerson passage is less restricted and
therefore more useful to you.

I hope that this information is helpful.

- justaskscott-ga


Search term used on Bartleby.com:

classification
categorize

Search terms used on Google:

"but what is classification"
"without words to objectify and categorize"
durkheim "elementary forms"

[The second search on each of the search engines relates to a
quotation by biologist Ruth Hubbard that seemed close, but not quite
right, to what you wanted.]

[I tried other searches as well, but these were the ones that resulted
in the pages I have cited.]

Request for Answer Clarification by daviddlewis2-ga on 27 Jan 2003 16:53 PST
Hi - Those are interesting, and an honest attempt, but I was kinda
hoping for something more modern, more from a cognitive scientist, and
more referring to the very large number of concepts/classes that
humans are constantly applying to the environment.  But I'm willing to
consider this answered if that's the best you've been able to turn up.
 Regards, Dave

Clarification of Answer by justaskscott-ga on 27 Jan 2003 17:24 PST
I have a couple of errands to do now, but I'll take one more look
later this evening, to see if I can find anything appropriate by a
cognitive scientist or someone like that.

Clarification of Answer by justaskscott-ga on 27 Jan 2003 22:06 PST
There is a section of Steven Pinker's "How the Mind Works" (which I
happen to own) called "Little Boxes" (pages 306-313).  It does not
appear to have one pithy quote that summarizes Pinker's thinking on
categorization.  The best I can do is to connect one sentence on page
306 and another on 308 into: "People put things and other people into
mental boxes, give each box a name, and thereafter treat the contents
of the box the same. ... Mental boxes work because things come in
clusters that fit the boxes."  Much of the rest of this section is
devoted to challenging that notion, and to a significant degree Pinker
accepts that categorization is an imperfect way of viewing the world. 
Among other things, he notes that "the world sometimes presents us
with fuzzy categories, and registering the their similarities is the
best we can do" (page 311).  However, Pinker does not seem to doubt
that categorization is generally useful.  (On the other hand, he
observes that we use a rule of ethics to turn the categories off in
situations where we might judge an individual in terms of an ethnic or
racial group.)

Perhaps you might read this section and see whether a particular
passage or sentence seems appropriate for your purposes.

I have not found anything more useful from my searches on the
Internet.

Request for Answer Clarification by daviddlewis2-ga on 28 Jan 2003 06:23 PST
OK, thanks. -Dave

Clarification of Answer by justaskscott-ga on 28 Jan 2003 09:07 PST
You're welcome.  I tried my best; I hope that your use of the quote(s) goes well.
daviddlewis2-ga rated this answer:3 out of 5 stars

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