I have a project to do about how the development of skyscrapers has
affected the retail industry...can you help ??? Besides this general
question I would like to know about:
- Are skyscrapers good/profitable for retailers?
- Have skyscrapers changed retail strategy?
- What are the retailing opportunities in skyscrapers?
- The future of retailing in skyscrapers?
- The effect of 9/11 on retailing in skyscrapers?
- Strategies adopted in this area by different cities (eq
Minneopolis/NYC/London)
Any sources/publications which could help, much appreciated |
Request for Question Clarification by
jbf777-ga
on
28 Jan 2003 10:56 PST
Hello -
I've been able to find the following information thus far.
Admittedly, it doesn't answer all your questions. I've found it to be
a very difficult subject to research. If you could please give me
some feedback as to where the following information stands as a
sufficient answer, I'd appreciate it. I will continue to search in
the meantime.
Are skyscrapers good/profitable for retailers and
have skyscrapers changed retail strategy?
==============================================
Skyscrapers are most deefinitely beneficial to the retail industry.
Skyscrapers afford any area a high concentration of people in one
locale. They can typically hold thousands of individuals. Retail
thrives on foot traffic. The more foot traffic, the more chances a
retail store has to generate sales. Retail stores in skyscrapers
themselves capitalize on this the most, since they are physically the
closest to the available foot traffic.
Q&A: WTC Attacks And The Smart Growth Movement
Harriet Tregoning, Special Secretary for Smart Growth at the Maryland
Governor's Office on Smart Growth.
http://www.newcolonist.com/smartgrowth.html
"One of the most important attributes of compact development patterns
is their contribution to more transportation choices. A critical mass
of people also makes retail and commercial business viable. A
combination of density and a mixture of uses means more people have
the option of walking because they live or work within a short
distance of transit stops or stations as well as stores, offices,
schools and other destinations. In order for a community to support
cost effective transit, certain levels of density must be met. The
rule of thumb is 7 residential units per acre for basic bus service or
15 per acre for premium bus service. For rail service, minimum
densities are even higher. To give a sense of scale, a 3-4 story
apartment building built on top of parking can provide 30-70 units per
acre. So, while density is an important aspect of growing smarter,
clearly skyscraper heights are not required to achieve transportation
choice.
In vital urban spaces with limited room to expand, such as Manhattan
and San Francisco, it makes economic sense to build taller buildings
because the land is so valuable. However, there is a limit to this
economic argument. At some point the building's size becomes a burden,
not an asset. Around 50 stories is cited by some as the upper limit on
economic effectiveness."
Portland Business Alliance
http://www.portlandalliance.com/forum-docs/jp-moss.doc.
"As a member of the downtown business community, I have seen many
changes over the last five years. I believe that improving the health
of the retail community in downtown requires multiple efforts. First
we need continued growth and development in areas such as the
waterfront and the Pearl District. Continuing to expand the area we
consider downtown permits the retail pie to get bigger and diversify
at the same time. The challenge of maintaining the overall health of
retail is to expand the existing areas of retail. I believe with the
constant arrival of new retail tenants, the downtown core will
continue to strengthen. Areas of improvement such as the Meier and
Frank building and the Galleria, will always exist. As long as we
focus these improvements around the retailer, we will see continual
long-term vibrancy of downtown retail. The health of downtown retail
continues to grow when the skyscrapers are filled to capacity. There
is a direct correlation between full occupancy and successful retail.
Since our economy has weakened, office space is more available. We
must encourage businesses, which employs large numbers to come
downtown. The top five employers in downtown are local, regional, and
state governments. This indicates that downtown is far too reliant on
the government to create commerce for retailers. We must attract more
companies so that we can maintain the positive growth of downtown."
Economic benefits of skyscraper boom are far reaching for city by Jon
Murray (1/10/03)
http://www.dailynorthwestern.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2003/01/10/3e1ece64bd2f7
"Evanston's annual budget problems make the prospect of a denser,
taller downtown alluring. More people will pay more residential
property taxes, and a higher population downtown will supply retail
stores and restaurants with a steady flow of customers -- depositing
more sales tax revenue into city coffers. The Sherman Gardens
residents need to understand the benefits the new building might
bring, even if it makes their neighborhood less quiet. Evanston is
changing rapidly, and for many, the benefits outweigh the hassles for
those who live nearby."
The Paint Dealer
Ads Even More Ubiquitous - Now 'Tall Wall' Billboards
http://www.paintdealer.com/archive/rog0301.html
"Now there's tall-wall advertising, massive billboards on skyscrapers
some of them producing more rental revenue than the building itself.
The wall displays stuck onto downtown skyscrapers range up to 10,000
square feet. They command upward of $60,000 a month in rent. Rather
than wait for advertising customers, some developers contract before
construction starts. Along stylish Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, the
signage rights for a dozen sites on two buildings sold for $80 million
or $6 million more than the property itself."
Mixing uses and lively ground floors
http://www.civictrust.org.uk/policy%20and%20campaigns/positions/tall.shtml
"Tall buildings should have active, publicly accessible ground floor
uses to enliven the street frontage. Shops are ideal. In addition to
ground floor retail, a tall building can also contain homes and
offices, with a café or restaurant at the top providing a public
vantage point. The space beneath tall builds can be used for parking,
trains and facilities for residents."
What are the retailing opportunities in Skyscrapers?
====================================================
Pretty much any store you see in a mall is a store you can see in an
urban skyscraper. Additionally, the multi-floor element of a
skyscraper can expose stores to a great deal of foot traffic. Stores
will typically be tailored to the tastes of individuals that frequent
the building.
The Boston Skyscraper Page
http://www.geocities.com/sky_boston/newskyscrapers/111huntington.html
This beautiful glass 36 story, 554 foot tower shooting up in the
Prudential Center and will have 850,000 square feet of office space
and 63,000 square feet of retail space. It will have a 50 foot wide,
50 foot tall retail atrium connectin it to the Prudential Center and
Prudential Center subway stop. When the building is finished in late
2001, it
Chicago's Sky-dentity by Ricco Villanueva Siasoco
http://www.factmonster.com/spot/skyscraper1.html
In September, the Windy City approved plans to build the world's
tallest skyscraper, the Dearborn Tower. If completed, the 1,550-foot
behemoth would include 108 floors of retail stores, offices, hotel and
apartment space, and command a sweeping four-state view.
THIS IS AMERICA by Jerilyn Watson (2/5/01)
http://www.manythings.org/voa/01/010205tia_t.htm
Many skyscrapers provide space for offices, apartment homes, stores,
and hotels. Some have eating places, sports clubs and other
businesses. Some have so much space and provide so many activities
that they are like small cities. One example is the World Trade Center
in New York City. It was built in Nineteen-Seventy-Three. It occupies
six and one-half hectares. The Center includes two buildings that are
more than four-hundred-ten meters tall. They once were the tallest
buildings in the world.
The effect of 9/11 on retailing in skyscrapers?
===============================================
People may be more apprehensive to congregate in places like tall
buildings. This may have some sort of an effect
Opinions on rebuilding TWC
http://pub32.ezboard.com/ffortworthforumfrm2.showMessage?topicID=76.topic
Rebuilding by Martin Sinderman (11/01)
http://www.nareit.com/portfoliomag/01novdec/feat_rebuild.shtml
In the retail property sector, those concerns have certainly been
expressed. "Major centers for people to gather, such as regional
malls, may become less popular as they may be considered potential
targets of terrorism," according to a report from REIT analysts at
Salomon Smith Barney. "We think that if this tragedy remains an
isolated instance, this scenario is remote."
Security measures have been tightened at shopping centers throughout
the country. "We have about 50 security people at every mall. We also
have a police substation that opens onto the mall as a storefront,"
according to Laurence Siegel, chairman and CEO of The Mills
Corporation. "Most of our malls are newer malls; as such, they have a
lot of new technology. The trick is to [increase security] and not let
the customer see it."
World Trade Center Attack: Consequences on Real Estate by Ryan Simmons
http://www.unc.edu/courses/2001fall/plan/006e/001/real_estate/
In some cities, demand for space will increase according to the
industrial background of that city. Now that we are fighting
bio-terrorism and a war, defense, technology and medical industries
will probably improve. Therefore cities and areas built on these
industries like Southern California, New Jersey, San Diego, San
Francisco, and metropolitan Boston will notice an increase in demand
and prices of office space. According to L-LREI, the apartment markets
across the nation should continue to flourish relative to other
markets. Retail markets will most likely continue to decline because
of the economic slowdown and the attacks. But the hotel markets will
most likely be hit the hardest since the attacks. People are not
traveling as much as they did before the attacks resulting in empty
hotel rooms and numerous closures. These are some of the trends that
we may see over the next couple of years in real estate markets.
Rebuilding Already
http://shoppingcenterworld.com/ar/retail_new_york_future/
At the time of the disaster, Westfield Shoppingtown was evaluating the
retailers already in the mall at the World Trade Center with the idea
of expanding onto the Plaza for more retail space. It was rumored that
they had contacted several luxury tenants. The area surrounding the
Center was fully leased. There was space available east of Broadway —
Wall, Water, Broad Streets, and lower Broadway, which now will be the
focus of new interest for future retail. There is already talk of
replacing the mall at the base of the Towers and thereby incorporating
the same successful retail environment that existed, i.e.
approximately 75 stores (approximately 475,000 sq. ft.) The shopping
venue was one of the most successful in the country, where sales for
each shop ranged from $900 to $1,000 per sq. ft. That's incredible!
additional links:
Links to Information on Tall Buildings
http://www.teachersnetwork.org/dcs/math/structures/html/Structures/skyscrapers.html
Search Strategy:
skyscrapers "retail strategy"
skyscrapers retail
skyscraper "retail stores"
retailing in skyscrapers
skyscraper information
skyscrapers "retail industry"
"retail stores" skyscraper
|
Clarification of Question by
ooshaaku-ga
on
28 Jan 2003 14:06 PST
Hello...thanks for this. I've found it a difficult one to research
too!
Is it possible to research the history of retail outlets in skycrapers
at all ??? (eg when they first appeared, when the Main St. shops
appeared). Failing that a good time-line of skyscraper developments
would be good.
Perhaps some examples like I highlighted of how different cities have
planned and developed downtown areas in different ways (eg
Minneapolis' huge network of mall/covered walkways because of the
cold)
Failing this any thoughts how a project covering retail, design and
skyscrapers could be developed in different ways than I have suggested
?
|
Clarification of Question by
ooshaaku-ga
on
28 Jan 2003 14:16 PST
Also, any information on how retailing is different in downtown urban
areas is different from sub-urban or country areas would be useful.
|
Request for Question Clarification by
jbf777-ga
on
28 Jan 2003 20:52 PST
>Failing this any thoughts how a project covering retail, design and
>skyscrapers could be developed in different ways than I have
suggested?
Not that I can think of... I think you've pretty much covered the
gamut. I'm going to investigate some other sources tomorrow and see
what I can come up with in regards to your other questions.
jbf777-ga
GA Researcher
|
Clarification of Question by
ooshaaku-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 06:19 PST
Ok thats cool .... perhaps a braodening out to retailing in urban
areas as I suggested would yield some good material... Thanks
|
Request for Question Clarification by
jbf777-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 09:42 PST
Hello again -
Here are several links I've found on the subject... I've included
clips from the web site. Since the question has been reshaped, feel
free to reset the price to whatever you feel it's worth. I'm going to
see what else I can find today...
I would suggest checking out Amazon.. they've got a selection of 171
skyscraper books... I don't have direct access to them, but I would
imagine some would touch on retailing in skyscrapers:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-keywords=skyscrapers&search-type=ss&bq=1/103-2774027-2350227
Urban Versus Suburban Work Environments: A Comparison of Two Types of
Work Environments
http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/Research/1995/SMA/95swa216.htm
"An important component of the economy of urban central business
districts (C.B.D.'s) is the health of its retailers and their success
usually depends to some degree upon the effectiveness of their
marketing strategies. However, lack of research on those who work and
shop downtown, called office shoppers, may contribute to retailers'
lack of awareness and effective marketing to satisfy the special
shopping needs of these consumers. Over the years, developers have
created urban retail centers to help revitalize central business
districts. One of the goals of these efforts has been to bring
shoppers into the city, thus importing suburban wealth into the urban
business. However, there is evidence that, despite the promotional
efforts associated with these developments, suburbanites do not come
to these sites to shop for non-food purchases such as apparel and
housewares (Grossman, 1992; Maronick and Stiff, 1985). While residents
external to the C.B.D. may or may not reliably support urban
retailers, it would seem logical that these merchants would want to
develop marketing plans to target downtown workers, often referred to
as office shoppers. The question becomes, what has been done to study
downtown workers as a special case for retail market segmentation? The
answer to this is that marketing academicians have virtually ignored
this segment..."
Repairing the Damage in Traditional Urban Places by Stu Sirota
The Town Paper
http://www.tndtownpaper.com/Volume3/repairing_the_damage.htm
"When the federal government stepped in to help, it came in the form
of disastrous "urban renewal" projects that only intensified the
problems. Instead of restoring established neighborhoods, block after
block was razed to make way for elevated urban freeways and parking
decks needed for the growing legions of suburban commuters. TUPs that
were spared a quick death from the wrecking ball often suffered a
slow, agonizing one from the effects of highway noise and blight. To
accommodate increasing traffic, local streets were frequently widened
and often changed into one-way, high-speed thoroughfares at the
expense of sidewalks and street trees. New, "modern" buildings
constructed in TUPs were given sterile, fortress-like appearances
since they were designed with the expectation that suburban residents
would drive to them and park. This further discouraged pedestrian
activity and downtown retailing, ultimately accelerating the downward
spiral of decay..."
Transportation and Urban Growth: The Shaping of the American
Metropolis
By Peter O. Muller
http://www.cyber.vt.edu/lsg/intro/trans.htm
"The other major nonresidential activity of interwar suburbia was
retailing. Clusters of automobile-oriented stores had first appeared
in the urban fringes before World War I. By the early 1920s the
roadside commercial strip had become a common sight in many southern
California suburbs. Retail activities were also featured in dozens of
planned automobile suburbs that sprang up after World War I—most
notably in Kansas City's Country Club District, where the nation's
first complete shopping center was opened in 1922. But these
diversified retail centers spread slowly before the suburban highway
improvements of the 1950s.
Unlike the two preceding eras, the postwar Freeway Era was not sparked
by a revolution in urban transportation. Rather, it represented the
coming of age of the now pervasive automobile culture, which coincided
with the emergence of the U.S. from 15 years of economic depression
and war. Suddenly the automobile was no longer a luxury or a
recreational diversion: overnight it had become a necessity for
commuting, shopping, and socializing, essential to the successful
realization of personal opportunities for a rapidly expanding majority
of the metropolitan population. People snapped up cars as fast as the
reviving peacetime automobile industry could roll them off the
assembly lines, and a prodigious highway-building effort was launched,
spearheaded by high speed, limited-access expressways. Given impetus
by the 1956 Interstate Highway Act, these new freeways would soon
reshape every corner of urban America, as the more distant suburbs
they engendered represented nothing less than the turning inside-out
of the historic metropolitan city..."
The Future of Retailing: Drivers of Change
The Royal Society of Edinburgh
http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/RSE/meetings_etc/conf2000/retail/mackenzie.htm
"There was an exodus of families to the suburbs with an associated
development of substantial convenience superstores. Shopping malls
were being established at highway intersections just beyond the new
housing areas. Time magazine summed it up recently (as only it can)
"Think about the revolution of shopping malls in the ‘70s …….. They
defined how we bought stuff but also how we spent our time. The malls
themselves became essential parts of a new suburban design, where
castles of consumption shaped town layouts in the same way the
Coliseum shaped Rome." It was, however, 20 years later when I visited
Detroit, a city of 1 million people, with no department store and
little quality shopping, that I saw the full horror of the flight from
the city.
But the changes in the ‘70s were taking place in a car-orientated USA
that was completely different from Scotland. Retailing change seemed
rather distant from the problems of multiple deprivation that were
then, and still are, the focus of much attention in urban Scotland.
However, by the mid ‘70s the retail industry in the UK had caught up
and in the quest for greater efficiency, higher market share and
increased profits, the convenience retailers took up the American
shopping model. Planning applications for "super-stores", located on
greenfield sites and surrounded by huge car parks, began to appear.
Chicago's skyscrapers evoked the no-nonsense, business style of the
city. They were clean-featured buildings, with a minimum of surface
decoration. That's what made them distinctive, a truly American
architecture. They looked like what they were supposed to be; business
buildings, while New York skyscrapers looked like Greek temples or
Roman baths.
Chicago skyscrapers looked this way because they were built by
developers interested in cutting costs, not showing off. Louis
Sullivan, the first architect to make tall buildings beautiful, argued
that form must follow function. But in Chicago, form usually followed
finance.
The skyscraper was the first building in history to depend on machines
for its operation. It needed elevators to carry passengers to its
upper floors, and telephone and telegraph systems to put tenants in
the air in touch with the city below. The skyscraper couldn't have
existed without another gigantic machine, an urban transit system
capable of moving its small army of workers in and out of the city..."
Skyscraper History
Learner.org
http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog15/transcript/page03.html
"This is equally true of another great commercial invention of the
age, the department store, with its even larger army of salesclerks
and customers. The department stores of America's big cities were
crowded from morning 'til night with customers, as many as a quarter
of a million a day. And some of them had workforces larger than steel
mills. Marshall Field, who rose from stock boy to the richest man in
Chicago, built the country's most opulent department store, a Palace
of Desire that catered almost exclusively to women. In the department
stores along State Street, women accounted for 99% of the purchases.
When Chicago lit its department stores with electricity, many of these
women shoppers stayed in town into the evening, without male escorts.
Traditionalists complained about this; and also about what they called
the new vice of shopping. A cranky editorial in the New York Times
called shopping a "purse-destroying addiction every bit as bad as male
drinking." Yet the accepted place of Victorian women in a
male-dominated society, in the home all day, taking care of children,
sewing, cleaning, cooking, and entertaining, made shopping a
liberating escape from domestic drudgery."
LABOR TRENDS: Striving for more balance by Ben Johnson
Shopping Center World, May 1, 2001
http://shoppingcenterworld.com/ar/retail_labor_trends_striving/
Urban vs. suburban: It is the age-old competition. Lately, urban
markets fought back from a decades-old decline to attract a slew of
new residents thanks to more convenience, and better residential and
retail options.
“Generation X, and the larger Generation Y cohort behind them, have
both shown a willingness to live and work in urban areas,” says
Jacques Gordon, international director of investment research at
LaSalle Investment Management in Chicago. “Although most new jobs are
still being created in suburban locations, the nation's urban cities
have stemmed a three-decade loss of market share and are now holding
their own in the competition for jobs.”
“One key reason is that an urban lifestyle for the rapidly growing
number of childless households (including empty nesters) has improved
as crime rates have dropped and more residential choices are now
available close to where people work,” adds Gordon.
Region's heart vulnerable By Alan D. Miller (9/96)
http://www.dispatch.com/news/special/priceofprogress/progress4.html
Downtown may be the geographic center of central Ohio, but Mayor Greg
Lashutka and other Columbus leaders worry that most residents of
suburban and outlying cities in the seven-county region don't consider
it "their" downtown. Without the interest and support of suburbanites,
the leaders fear, the future of Downtown is threatened by competition
from office parks and retail centers on the fringes. "I think elected
officials in suburban cities understand, but I don't think the average
person spends a lot of time thinking about planning," Lashutka said.
"We need to have a healthy core." Ralph Smithers, executive director
of the Development Committee for Central Ohio and a senior vice
president of the Greater Columbus Chamber of Commerce, is more blunt
about the issue. "If the city dies, the region dies," he said. "Those
suburban cities would not be what they are today without Columbus."
From the top of the Huntington Center Downtown, Frank Wobst looks over
a landscape pocked with parking lots."I understand it was an effort
under the goal of urban renewal to raze a lot of buildings that housed
a lot of people, but it happened without offering replacements," said
the chairman and chief executive of Huntington Bancshares. "The result
is we have expensive infrastructure and a lot of parking lots that
don't provide a tax base."
A return to retailing in the neighborhood by Richard Muhlebach
(2/24/00)
http://www.djc.com/special/cmarket2000/15.html
Prior to the malling of America, people shopped downtown and in their
neighborhood. Each neighborhood had a retail section several blocks
long lined with a five-and-dime store, junior department stores,
millinery stores, furniture and appliance stores, soft goods retailers
and a couple of single screen theatres. Corner grocery stores, often
adjacent to a meat market, were scattered through the neighborhood for
daily shopping needs. The neighborhood provided most of the shopping
needs of the residents and downtown shopping was for special
occasions. The advent of the comfortable, exciting climate controlled
malls, multi-screen theatres, the supermarket anchored strip centers
and the bankruptcy of many of the old-time retailers, along with the
closing of the small neighborhood JC Penney, Sears and Montgomery
Wards stores, combined "to kill off" much of the traditional
neighborhood retailing. But today urban and neighborhood retailing is
making a comeback. People are rediscovering urban living and the
benefits of being part of a neighborhood. New multilevel urban retail
projects are replacing older, obsolete neighborhood buildings. These
developments are a major neighborhood customer draw and help
revitalize street front retailing.
Some Search Strategies:
-----------------------
urban suburban retail
urban suburban retailing
urban suburban retail trends
Additional Links:
-----------------
Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Famous & Important
Skyscrapers
http://www.epinions.com/book-review-3FDE-12EA2B04-387FB508-prod2
Rise of the New York Skyscraper
http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/064446.htm
New Rush of Buildings Reaching for the Clouds by Warren Richey
http://csmweb2.emcweb.com/durable/1998/07/08/p1s3.htm
Top10Links about Skyscrapers
http://www.top10links.com/cat.php/Arts%3AArchitecture%3ASkyscrapers%3AResources
|
Clarification of Question by
ooshaaku-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 10:21 PST
This is good stuff... thank you very much! I'd be happy to keep the
price the same if you can keep going on the existing areas, as you
indicate, and maybe look in just one more area: anything on
Skyscrapers and their interaction with people, sociological effect etc
etc Again if there's nothing much on skyscrapers specifically broaden
it to urban office areas and their sociological effect.
Many thanks... its certinly a tough prject!
|
See clarifications. |
Clarification of Answer by
jbf777-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 12:28 PST
Thanks! I've posted "See clarifications" in the Answer box. Here are
some more links..
Shaping Denver's skyline: city's landmarks tell a century-old tale
by Stephen Titus.
ColoradoBiz, Jan 2003 v30 i1 p56(3)
COPYRIGHT 2003 Wiesner Publications, Inc.
Excerpt:
"But even as Denver's skyline became dominated by office towers,
urban-renewal experts say it has only been in the last decade that the
city's center has been reborn as a shopping and entertainment Mecca.
"I think there was a vision for a traditional downtown with stores
like Macy's and other big department stores," said Marianne LeClair,
redevelopment manager for the Denver Urban Renewal Authority But
Downtown boosters had to recast that vision. There was a realization
that this couldn't compete with suburban shopping malls like Cherry
Creek, and (so) it (was) repositioned as a destination, with 16th
Street Mall, Six Flags Elitch Gardens, and the large sports venues as
attractions." Coors Field lit a fire under revitalization of Lower
Downtown, an area once synonymous with crime, prostitution and
homelessness. Preservation efforts there drew in residential
developers who built dozens of loft projects that have attracted
thousands of urban transplants, giving the city a 24-hour heartbeat.
The completion of Invesco Field at Mile High, home of the Denver
Broncos, and the resurrection of the Platte Valley, spurred in part by
Recreational Equipment Inc.'s $30 million rescue of the former Denver
Tramway Power Co. building, has made LoDo one of the hottest
residential addresses in the city..."
New York
http://www.referaty.sk/index.php?referat=6027 by Inamoto
"Most impressive views of NY City is the typical Manhattan skyline – a
large number of skyscrapers on a small area. They started to build
skyscrapers because of the lack of space and the high price of land on
the island. Skyscrapers are also an interesting sociological
phenomenon as the building is a small city itself: it offers
residential quarters, office spaces, parking lots, restaurants,
shopping facilities, fitness centres, swimming pools etc., but living
in a skyscraper is very expensive.
The most famous are: Empire State Building – it has 102 stories and a
TV tower at the top. It was the highest building in the world until
1954 and it was also called ”the eight wonder of the world”. World
Trade Center – called also The Twin Towers – the two buildings have
110 stories. Visitors can see the city and the harbour from the top of
both of the mentioned buildings. Another famous place is Rockefeller
Center on Fifth Avenue. It is a large business and entertainment
complex of 21 buildings; the largest skyscraper city in the world.
There are about 30 restaurants, a lot of shops, TV studios, exhibition
halls. Visitors can admire its garden and skating rink.
One well-known building is The Radio City Music Hall – 6 000 people
can see a show on the big stage. Other famous skyscrapers are:
Chrysler, PAN AM Bldgs, Citicorp Center, Trump Tower, IBM Tower..."
ON THE TOWN WITH GEORG SIMMEL:
A SOCIO-RELIGIOUS UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN INTERACTION
by Victoria Lee Erickson
Cathedrals
http://www.crosscurrents.org/erickson0151.htm
"A quick glance at pictorial representations of any European or
American city prior to the nineteenth century is enough to suggest
that churches once dominated the skylines of urban architecture.
Beginning in the twelfth century in western Europe the urban
environment came to be dominated by the great cathedrals. In North
America, where churches continued to stand above the rest of the city
in depictions of urban life up through the twentieth century when
skyscrapers took over, the cathedral was not a common sight until the
nineteenth century. Now, most North American cities host one if not
more grand cathedral or cathedral-like edifices..."
Architects don't foresee skyscraper's demise
By Thurston Hatcher CNN
September 26, 2001
http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/26/rec.skyscraper.future/
"ATLANTA, Georgia (CNN) -- They have been the symbol of wealth, power,
know-how, even audacity, and the World Trade Center towers were their
embodiment.
But while skyscrapers may be a painful reminder to some of the
September 11 destruction, it's unlikely they'll stop sprouting on the
urban landscape in the wake of the attacks, architectural experts say.
"I haven't heard a developer or an architect that is saying, 'Well,
these things are no longer valid or can't be done anymore,'" said
Scott Johnson, an architect with Johnson Fain Partners in Los Angeles,
California..."
Shopping in the U.S.
http://www.otc-ie.com/features/featuresshopping.asp
"Historical landmarks and stunning skyscrapers have always lured
visitors to America's big cities. But there's another reason to visit
urban America: to shop. Nowhere else in the world offers such an
abundance of diverse products at such competitive prices. Almost
everything is cheaper in the States than in Britain -- especially
clothes, CDs and electronics -- with or without a favourable exchange
rate. Plus, you can't beat the US for sheer selection -- even
sparkling water comes in 10 different brands and flavours -- and
you'll also be able to purchase the most recent styles, makes and
models before they reach the UK. Old Navy, Chicago The American
shopping landscape is dominated by huge chain stores, whose branches
can be found in virtually every US city. These include the Gap and its
sister companies (the slightly more upscale Banana Republic and the
slightly less expensive Old Navy), trendy urban housewares giant
Pottery Barn, kitchenware emporium Williams Sonoma, lingerie
specialist Victoria's Secret, trendy street-wear retailer Urban
Outfitters, multiple music megastores, and a host of other well-known
and popular brands, many of which have yet to cross the Atlantic.
(Even at the chains that have, like the Gap, you'll find that a blouse
costing £20 in the UK will be $20 in the States, while a CD at Tower
or Virgin will cost $15 if it's £15 here.)..."
Civic Strategies
Downtown renewal
De-Signing Pittsburgh
"http://www.civic-strategies.com/resources/issues/downtown_renewal.htm
Pittsburgh may soon stop buildings from putting signs on their roofs
and limit the size and heights of other signs attached to buildings.
Reason: According to advocates and city planners, they’re ugly. “The
aesthetics of the skyline are running the risk of being compromised,”
says a city planner. “We need to stem this uncontrolled proliferation
of signs.” The planning department’s suggestion: Ban any additional
rooftop signs, limit downtown signs attached to buildings to 200
square feet with new requirements for lighting, color and design, and
limit neighborhood building signs to 80 square feet. Existing signs
would not be affected. This comes after a number of Pittsburgh
skyscrapers have added rooftop signs and others have applied to do so.
Some warn that if the new restrictions are adopted businesses may flee
to suburbs. “Getting an adequate identification (on a building) is an
important checkpoint when businesses do surveys to determine new
locations,” a sign company official said. The city council will
consider the planning department’s recommendations this fall..."
Additional Search Terms:
"skyscrapers were"
"skyscrapers affect"
"skyscrapers make"
"skyscrapers made"
"skyscrapers affected"
"skyscrapers have"
[appended with combinations of "stores" and "retail/ing"
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Clarification of Answer by
jbf777-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 12:39 PST
Reinventing the Central City as a Place to Live and Work
http://www.mitchellmoss.com/articles/centralcity.html
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Request for Answer Clarification by
ooshaaku-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 13:03 PST
Ok thank you !
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Clarification of Answer by
jbf777-ga
on
29 Jan 2003 13:08 PST
Do you need any additional resources?
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Request for Answer Clarification by
ooshaaku-ga
on
30 Jan 2003 14:02 PST
You mean on this question or a new one ???? On this question, I'd like
a few links on the design development of skyscrapers and a history of
Louis Sullivan's design develoopments would be good !
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Clarification of Answer by
jbf777-ga
on
30 Jan 2003 20:29 PST
KC Development and Skyscrapers
http://www.kcskyscrapers.com/
Skyscrapers.COM - about
http://www.skyscrapers.com/english/about/sdc/buildings/categories/structure/material/
How Buildings Stand Up
http://www.wqed.org/erc/pghist/units/build/structure2.html
By BILL WIIST
Special to The Courier-Journal
http://www.wswstudios.com/skyscrapers.htm
Louis Sullivan - the Architect and His Work
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/1469/sullivan.html
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Request for Answer Clarification by
ooshaaku-ga
on
31 Jan 2003 01:05 PST
Thats great thanks
|
Clarification of Answer by
jbf777-ga
on
31 Jan 2003 08:56 PST
Great, thanks... if you have a chance to rate this answer, I'd appreciate it..
jbf777-ga
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