Hello deseven~
The Quakers believed in equality between men and women; because of
this, many women preached, and had other notable roles in society. As
one web site points out, "of the 822 publications by women between
1600-1700, 189 were publications by Quakers." ("Quaker Women, 17th
Century," http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~helfrich/17thcentury.html
) Many of these publications were political/religious tracts. In
addition, "some 45% of the Quaker 'ministers' who arrived in America
between 1656-63 were women." ("Quakers and the Civil War," The English
Civil War Society of America, http://www.ecwsa.org/relquakers.html ).
That said, there are several feminine names that regularly pop up in
Quaker history around the time of the English Civil War. Certainly
Margaret Fell comes to mind. She was among the first Quakers, and
later became the wife of founder George Fox. She is sometimes called
the "nursing mother of Quakerism." For a look at who Fell was, check
out this page: http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/quakerism/16392
And also this abstract:
http://www.gwyneddfriends.org/margaret_fell.html
Mary Dyer also comes to mind. For a brief biography of Dyer, who was
frequently imprisoned, and finally executed, for her religious
beliefs, visit: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/2822/marydyer.html
Elizabeth Hooten is a lesser-known Quaker woman, although she was one
of the first female preachers. Some scholars even say she may have
been the first person to listen to George Fox and accept Quakerism as
her faith. She, too, was often imprisoned for her beliefs. For a brief
biography, visit: http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/hooton.html
For a look at her political role, visit:
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~helfrich/17th%20century%20pages/FirstWoman.html
In addition, you may enjoy this site, which reprints a number of
tracts written by Quaker women in the 17th century:
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~helfrich/17th%20century%20pages/7,000Handmaids.html
Also, this site, which offers a brief history of Quaker women as
activists and preachers: http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakwomn.shtml
Other feminine Quaker names pop up a little later: Mary Fisher,
Katherine Evans, and Sarah Cheevers, most notably. Mary Fisher and her
comrade Ann Austin arrived in Boston but were seized by Puritan
authorities and jailed because of their beliefs. One hundred of their
books were burned; their bedding and Bibles were confiscated to pay
the jailer's fee. For a little more on Mary Fisher, visit:
http://thorn.pair.com/earlyq.htm
And: http://iagenweb.org/history/qoi/QOIPt1Chp2.htm
Katherine Evans and Sarah Cheevers were held by the Italian
Inquisition for their religious beliefs. For their fascinating
history, see http://www.wwp.brown.edu/texts/usrprojects/mla1999/stavreva1999.html
As for the correlation between Quakers and Levellers, while both
groups did arise about the same time and in the same general place,
they were two distinct and different groups. In fact, one Leveller
leader, John Lilburne, converted to Quakerism shortly before his
death. Most Levellers simply tolerated Quakers, for while a few
aspects of their beliefs were similar, they were different enough to
criticize each other.
Both groups advocated disestablishment and freedom of religion, and
both groups were considered radical, but George Fox was more far
radical than the Leveller leaders. For example, Quakers didn't believe
in "professional clergy," nor official churches trimmed with staples
of Christianity (like steeples and other symbolic items).
For a look at George Fox and Levellism, visit:
http://www.wsu.edu/~tcook/doc/GeorgeFox.htm
Hope this helps!
Kriswrite
Keywords Used:
Quaker women 17th century
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"Margaret fell"
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"mary dyer" quaker*
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"Elizabeth Hooton" quaker*
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Quaker women "English Civil War"
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"Mary Fisher" quaker*
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"Katherine Evans" quaker*
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Quakers levellers
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