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"Rogers has distinguished ‘Knowing’ into three parts: ..
SUBJECTIVE KNOWING
Psychophysics can illustrate subjective knowing. When two successive
weights, 40 and 40.5 grams respectively are lifted, one examines one's
conscious experience to determine which is heavier...
...
OBJECTIVE KNOWING
In this form of knowing, hypotheses are based on an external frame of
reference. To understand the statement that 'an intermittent
reinforcement schedule creates greater resistance of extinction.'...
Although Rogers suggests similarities such as subjective observation
and fallibility, between subjective and objective knowing he stresses
on an important difference between the two :
* subjective knowing stems from observing human consciousness,
* objective knowing depends on observing objects.
...
INTERPERSONAL KNOWING
The third mode of knowing which falls in-between the other two,
applies primarily to the knowledge of human beings. This kind of
knowledge is based upon the ability of one person to make correct
hypotheses about the inner world of another person. Interpersonal
knowing is based on the assumptions that getting 'inside' another
person's mind is possible. The criteria is whether the person confirms
the hypothesis and arrives at the same conclusion,thus suggesting that
consensual agreement can prevail about another persons phenomenology."
source: Therapy of Carl Rogers, hosted by top-psychology.com
http://www.top-psychology.com/0045-Carl%20Rogers/Knowing.htm
"Carl Rogers suggested that there are three modes of knowledge in
science: subjective, objective, and interpersonal. According to him,
every mature psychological science makes use of these three modes in
varying proportions, and a satisfactory science of behavior can emerge
only if an appropriate balance between the three modes is obtained
(Rogers 1964). Now, which school of psychology has attained an
appropriate balance between the three modes and, therefore,
constitutes a true science of behavior? Rogers' answer: humanist
psychology. Consequently, scientific psychology (i.e., behaviorism,
psychophysics, biopsychology, etc.) is not really scientific and
should clear the way for humanist psychology. The obstructive nature
of this position requires no comment."
source: "Scientific Psychology and Philosophical Psychology", hosted
by circadian.org
http://www.circadian.org/chap5.html
---------
As for the last part of the question, behaviorists accept (at least
partially) the concept of subjective knowledge (i.e., the mental
perception of external stimuli).
As indicated above, "SUBJECTIVE KNOWING
Psychophysics can illustrate subjective knowing."
"Psychophysics can be defined as, the study of how physical stimuli
are translated into psychological experience."
SENSATION & PERCEPTION INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY
http://www.alleydog.com/101notes/s&p.html
"behaviorists view knowledge as something that happens in response to
external factors"
http://www.cocc.edu/cbuell/theories/constructivism.htm
"behaviorism, views knowledge as learning that becomes clear to
individuals as they experience it."
source: "Cognitive Flexibility Theory," cached by google.com
http://216.239.37.100/search?q=cache:jJk5_hcrCmgC:it.gse.gmu.edu/portfolio/nwillett/coursework/704/CognitiveFlexibilityTheory.doc+%22behaviorism+views+knowledge%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
"Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result of a
response that follows on a specific stimulus... They hold the
following views:
# Knowledge is an external reality mapped onto learners. It exists
independent of instruction.
# Thought is governed by external reality."
source: Learning Theories: What is Behaviorism?
http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/2000/scheepers_md/projects/loo/theory/behavior.html
search strategy:
rogers, "modes of knowledge"
"carl rogers", knowledge, objective, subjective
behaviorists, behaviorism, "views knowledge", "view knowledge", "view
of knowledge", "consider knowledge", external.
I hope this helps. |
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