Hello Qpet,
It’s nice to see you again.
My search returned the following results for research addressing the
effects of pheromones on humans.
Social Interaction:
“Underarm sweat has been shown to have a pheromone component produced
by the chemical androstenol. At University College, London, an
experiment showed that after being briefly exposed to androstenol,
females had more social interactions with males.”
Bryn Mawr College: Sexual or sexist? Replication of human pheromones
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/Costello.html
Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male
attractiveness
“The results of this study suggest that exposure to natural male
axillary pheromones can significantly enhance female perceptions of
various aspects of male attractiveness.”
National Library of Medicine: PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12195229&dopt=Abstract
According to a recent investigation, pheromones increase sexual
attractiveness and quality of life in menopausal women.
“Three separate, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigations,
using the same protocol, all demonstrated that a synthesized
pheromone, topically applied, increased sexual attractiveness. If
partners are available, sexual attractiveness can increase
affectionate intimate behavior, which, in turn, increases well-being
and quality of life.
National Library of Medicine: PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12051106&dopt=Abstract
Immune System:
“In a study in Switzerland, women preferred the smell of t-shirts
belonging to men with immune systems different from their own. This
perception may have an evolutionary advantage; according to Wayne
Potts of the University of Utah, the genes of the immune system
control odors, and different versions of these genes emit different
smells. When two people with different immune systems reproduce, the
resulting combination of immune system genes seems to better be able
to fight of infections.”
Bryn Mawr College: Sexual or sexist? Replication of human pheromones
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/Costello.html
One study was based on the observation that women living together
develop synchrony of menstrual cycles.
“In this study, researchers placed gauze pads under the armpits (a
body part where pheromones are believed to be secreted in the sweat)
of nine women during specific phases of their menstrual cycle. They
each wore the pads for at least eight hours. After being treated with
alcohol and frozen, the pads were placed under the noses of twenty
other women. The women that sniffed the pads of the women that had
been in the preovulatory phase of their cycle found that their own
menstrual cycles were shortened from one to fourteen days. The women
that sniffed the pads of the women that had been in the ovulation
phase if their menstrual cycles found that their own cycles were
lengthened from one to twelve days (1). This suggests that there are
substances or chemicals released from women that can accelerate or
delay menstrual cycles (4), which influence the release of eggs (10),
and thus lead to synchrony of cycles of women living in proximity.”
Bryn Mawr College: Do Human Pheromones Really Exist?
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web2/mccabe2.html
According to scientists at San Francisco State University, women who
wore perfume with synthesized female pheromone were more attractive to
their male partners.
“The new study, appearing in the journal Physiology and Behavior,
found that women who had pheromone added to their perfume reported a
more than 50 percent increase in sexual attention from men: they were
involved in more sexual intercourse, kissing, heavy petting,
affection, and slept closer to their partner or date.”
There is more to pheromones than sexual attraction.
"If you divide up the research on pheromones into what types of
behaviors are shown to be affected by them, you can organize them into
four different classes," says Cutler: mother-infant interaction,
territorial marking, reproductive synchrony, and sexual attraction.”
(..)
“Studies have shown, for instance, that babies as young as three days
old are able to distinguish the odor of their mother from that of
other nursing mothers. Babies will turn their faces toward lingerie
that has been worn by their own mothers — and ignore other women's —
when the garments are waved over their heads.”
“Other research on reproductive synchrony has shown that women living
together in dorms or working together have synchronized menstrual
cycles. Interestingly, one study of women working in pairs found that
women who said they disliked each other did not cycle together.”
(..)
Pheromone research may have some therapeutic uses.
“The Athena Institute is currently exploring uses of attractant
pheromones to improve social interactions of people who may experience
subconscious shunning by others, such as people with cerebral palsy.
In addition, infertility groups have expressed interest in doing
research on women who are undergoing infertility treatments to see the
effect that these chemicals have on the outcome. Attractant pheromones
may also be useful to women who have undergone hysterectomies.”
Source: ABC News
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/pheromones_attraction020321.html
There was study done by Chen and Haviland on how the scent of other
individuals influenced a person's mood.
“Volunteers in three age groups, between 3 and 8, in their early 20's,
and elderly individuals in their 70's agreed to use no deodorants,
perfumes, or soaps and wear an armpit pad for 10 hours. About 300
university students were asked to report on their moods before and
after smelling samples taken from the armpits of various people.
Apparently, the smell from elderly women produced an uplifting effect,
and the scent from young males produced a depressing effect. Haviland
gave possible explanations of this phenomenon-that the scent of
elderly females conveyed approachability and familiarity, whereas the
scent from young males conveyed aggression.”
Bryn Mawr College: The Importance of Smell to Science and our Lives
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web3/reineke3.html
Here are the results of a 2002 study on pheromonal influences on
sociosexual behavior in young women:
“A significantly greater proportion of pheromone users compared with
placebo users increased over baseline in frequency of sexual
intercourse, sleeping next to a partner, formal dates and
petting/affection/kissing but not in frequency of male approaches,
informal dates or masturbation. Three or more sociosexual behaviors
increased over baseline for 74% of pheromone users compared with 23%
of placebo users. We conclude that this synthesized pheromone formula
acted as a sex attractant pheromone and increased the sexual
attractiveness of women to men.”
National Library of Medicine: PubMed - indexed for Medline
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11897264&dopt=Abstract
Pheromonal influences on sociosexual behavior in men:
This study tested whether synthesized human male pheromones increase
the sociosexual behavior of men.
Results:
“Significantly more pheromone than placebo users increased above
baseline in sexual intercourse and sleeping with a romantic partner.
There was a tendency for more pheromone than placebo users to increase
above baseline in petting/affection/kissing, and informal dates, but
not in self-stimulation to ejaculation or in formal dates."
National Library of Medicine: PubMed - indexed for Medline
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9494686&dopt=Abstract
Research done on human females shows that they prefer men whose MHC
genes are the least similar to their own
“In an experiment, men were given an unscented T-shirt and were asked
to wear it for two nights in a row. During this time they were not to
use deodorants or scented soaps. Women were then presented with six
shirts - three from men with similar MHC genes, and three from men
with different MHC genes from their own. The results showed that the
women preferred the scents of men whose MHC genes were different from
their own.” (Richardson 1996)
Macalester College: Psychology Department
http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Smell/attraction.html
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/origins/scent.html
From Nature Neuroscience - February 2002 Press Release:
“In humans, the evidence for pheromonal communication is limited
(perfume advertisements notwithstanding), and the only well documented
example of such an effect appears to be the synchronization of
menstrual cycles among women living together. In many other species,
however, pheromones are crucial in regulating mating, aggression, and
rearing of offspring.”
Source: Nature Publishing Group
http://www.nature.com/neuro/press_release/nn0202.html
Search Criteria:
pheromones moods and thoughts emotions
human pheromonal OR pheromone behavioral changes
pheromones influence attitudes OR behavior
site:.edu pheromones influence attitudes OR behavior
I hope the above information meet your needs. As always, if anything
is unclear please request clarification.
Best Regards,
Bobbie7-ga |
