After examining over 11 MB of articles and data obtained from on-line
sources, I cannot offer a definitive answer. There is no neat and
consistent matrix of supply and demand, no accurate market forecasts,
no clean division of market shares per company. Much of the data are
contradictory or outdated. The best sources of the compiled data that
you require are proprietary and expensive. Robert Flynn appears to the
single most frequently cited expert on the subject of commerce in
forestry products. One has to sort out reports from companies,
government agencies, UN organizations, industry marketing
associations, and advocacy groups, many of which have conflicting
biases and give inconsistent numbers. Even the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, the most authoritative body for
the collection and dissemination of statistical information, confesses
that its reliance upon the reporting countries for compliance has
produced seemingly irreconciliable differences between capacity and
production data. This is, I believe, the best that can be done from
the material freely available.
Commercially produced report example:
'"The Outlook for Trade of Forest Products in the Pacific Rim to 2010"
is now available to subscribers. The purchase price is $2750 per copy
of the report. Additional copies are available at a cost of US$ 200
each. To order, fax this completed form to Wood Resources Int. Ltd. at
1-703-669-9225, or contact us at 1-703-669-9220, e-mail
Info@WRI-Ltd.com. An invoice payable upon receipt will be sent with
the reports.'
Here are some of the figures that I could find myself.
WOOD PULP IMPORTS 2001 (adapted from tables produced by the FAO site)
(NB, the wood type is undifferentiated between hard and soft, and the
category "pulp" can include other fiber sources, e.g., bagasse.)
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=10&Areas=351&Areas=101&Areas=110&Areas=117&Areas=131&Areas=156&Items=1878&Elements=61&Years=2001&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Years&Aggregate=
Quantities in (metric) tonnes.
Chemical Wood Pulp
China 4,916,800
Japan 2,052,300
Korea 2,119,300
Indonesia 418,900
Malaysia 57,700
Mechanical Wood Pulp
China 247,200
Japan 369,000
Korea 8,000
Indonesia 71,000
Malaysia n/a
Semi-Chemical Wood Pulp
China 271,400
Japan 61,000
Korea 172,000
Indonesia 70,900
Malaysia 3,200
Wood Pulp Exc Mechanical
China 5,567,000
Japan 2,255,300
Korea 2,299,300
Indonesia 715,600
Malaysia 61,200
Wood Pulp
China 5,814,200
Japan 2,624,300
Korea 2,307,300
Indonesia 786,600
Malaysia 61,200
PULP FOR PAPER IMPORTS 2001
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=10&Areas=351&Areas=101&Areas=110&Areas=117&Areas=131&Areas=156&Items=1878&Elements=61&Years=2001&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Years&Aggregate=
Ouantities in metric tonnes.
Pulp for Paper
China 5,454,708
Japan 2,487,300
Korea 2,305,300
Indonesia 564,200
Malaysia 60,900
TOTAL PULP FOR PAPER IMPORTS ASIA+
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=860&Items=1878&Elements=61&Years=2001&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Years&Aggregate=over_items+over_areas&Calculate=mean+std_dev&Domain=SUA&Ite
Pulp for Paper
Asia 12,367,456
PULP EXPORTS
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=10&Areas=351&Areas=101&Areas=110&Areas=117&Areas=131&Areas=156&Items=1656&Items=1654&Items=1655&Items=1875&Items=1859&Elements=91&Years=2001&Format=
Quantities in metric tonnes.
Chemical Wood Pulp
China 31,408
Japan 92,000
Australia 2,000
Indonesia 1,697,200
New Zealand 451,000
Mechanical Wood Pulp
China 100
Japan n/a
Australia n/a
Indonesia 200
New Zealand 347,000
Wood Pulp
China 31,758
Japan 104,000
Australia 2,000
Indonesia 1,699,300
New Zealand 798,000
Wood Pulp Exc Mechanical
China 31,658
Japan 104,000
Australia 2,000
Indonesia 1,699,300
New Zealand 451,000
PULP FOR PAPER EXPORTS 2001
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=10&Areas=351&Areas=101&Areas=110&Areas=117&Areas=131&Areas=156&Items=1878&Elements=91&Years=2001&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Years&Aggregate=
Pulp for Paper
China 37,808
Australia 2,000
Indonesia 1,698,000
Japan 92,100
New Zealand 798,000
PULP FOR PAPER EXPORTS 2001 ASIA+
http://apps1.fao.org/servlet/XteServlet.jrun?Areas=860&Items=1878&Elements=91&Years=2001&Format=Table&Xaxis=Countries&Yaxis=Years&Aggregate=over_items+over_areas&Calculate=mean+std_dev&Domain=SUA&Ite
Pulp for Paper
Asia 2,299,391
Compare this figure for New Zealand's exports to that cited above by
the FAO in 1996:
ACPWP97 THE STATE OF THE INDUSTRY - NEW ZEALAND
http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/acpwp/acpwp38/gfsse.htm
680,911
MARKET PROJECTIONS
Market projections are virtually useless, as the recent market
conditions have belied past forecasts. Expansion of markets has not
occurred as projected in the middle and late 1990s, due to the Asian
recession, which has lasted nearly a decade in Japan. However, that
has not stopped plans for a shift in the supply chain from natural to
plantation sources.
The global wood market, prices and plantation investment: an
examination drawing on the Australian experience
http://cres.anu.edu.au/publications/clark%20j%202001%20ec.pdf
"The uncoupling of paper from wood pulp has intensified during the
1990s. Global paper consumption increased by an average 2.9% per annum
over 1990 to 1998, but the use of wood pulp to meet this paper
consumption grew by only 0.8% per annum over the same period. The use
of recycled paper grew by 3.7% per annum and non-wood pulp by 2.7% per
annum over the same period. The FAO expects these trends to continue,
with projected consumption of wood pulp growing by only 0.6% per annum
over 1997 to 2010 and wood pulp declining to 44% of the material input
for paper production by 2010 (Zhu et al. 1998).
New, relatively high yield pulping technologies further weaken the
linkage between paper and wood. Sedjo and Lyon (1990) note the
adoption of wood-saving technologies such as chemi-thermo-mechanical
(CTM) pulping which almost doubles traditional chemical pulp yields
per unit of wood input."
[...]
"The FAO dominates global wood consumption projection work, but the
projections have been criticized for the signifi-cance of revisions
(usually down) and the persistent over-estimation of sawn timber
consumption (A.J. Leslie, personal communication 1997). The first FAO
projections of global wood consumption in 2010, published in 1993 (FAO
1993), were revised down by 30% in 1999 (Fig. 6). In addition to being
optimistic in early projections, the FAO has Wood consumption (10 6 m
3 /yr) not realistically tracked wood-saving technology. The FAO
recognizes the systematic errors in its methodology and has embarked
on extensive re-modelling work (FAO 1997). Dissatisfaction with FAO
wood consumption projections has led to many analysts simply assuming
a consumption growth rate. In Australia, the projections of global
wood consumption prepared by Apsey and Reed (1994) and the Simons
Consulting Group (1994) have been widely used in policy formulation
(Cameron 1996; Centre for International Economics 1997; Ministerial
Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture et al. 1997). Both sets
of projections appear to over-estimate consumption significantly.
Simons Consulting Group (1994, p. ii) justify using a 1.4% per annum
long-term growth in wood consumption based on an undocumented
‘consensus of international experts polled by the consultant’. Apsey
and Reed (1994, p. 4) justify using an average 1.5% per annum
long-term growth in wood consumption because it is ‘realistic on a
world wide basis’. Their projections were revised down by 13% (Apsey &
Reed 1998) due solely to commencing the assumed 1.5% per annum
compound growth from a later year."
The TOP FIVE paper comapnies in Japan are Nippon Unipac Holding (the
result of a merger in 2001 of Nippon Paper Industries and Daishowa
Paper Manufacturing), Oji Paper, Daio Paper, Mitsubishi Paper Mills,
and Hokuetsu Paper Mills.
JAPAN PULP AND PAPER COMPANY LIMITED
The Financial State of Japan's Top Five Paper Manufacturers in 2001
http://www.kamipa.co.jp/eng/news/issue112.html
"March 2002 marked the end of a financial year in which all five of
Japan's major paper manufacturers suffered substantial loses in both
their revenue and profit figures. The consolidated sales results for
the five companies, consisting of Nippon Unipac Holding, Oji Paper
Co., Ltd., Daio Paper Corporation, Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd., and
Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd., fell by 4.2% year-on-year. However, this
result was dwarfed by a substantial 55.6% year-on-year decrease in
consolidated ordinary income.
Paper and paperboard production figures for fiscal 2001, compiled by
the Japan Paper Association, showed a 4.4% or 30.35 million ton
decrease compared with the figures for the previous year. This breaks
down to a decrease of 18.24 million tons (3.9%) for paper and 12.11
million tons (5.2%) for paperboard. As a result, paper production
dropped below fiscal 1999 levels and paperboard decreased for the
first time in three years."
Chemicals, Forest Products & General Merchandise Company
http://www.itochu.co.jp/main/div/chem/annual_chem_e.pdf
"What We Did in Fiscal Year 2002
In the pulp and paper field, ITOCHU increased its stake in Japan
Brazil Paper and Pulp Resources Development Co., Ltd., a parent
company of Celulose Nipo-Brasileira S.A. (CENIBRA) which promotes the
forestry and pulp manufacturing business in Brazil. CENIBRA is
considered to be one of the most important projects for us to be a
top-level global pulp trader, since its products are the most cost
competitive (see Topics)."
[...]
"The CENIBRA Project
Japan Brazil Paper and Pulp Resources Development Co., Ltd. (JBP),
composed of ITOCHU and major Japanese pulp manufacturing companies,
established CENIBRA in 1973, jointly with Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
of Brazil, to promote plantation and pulp manufacturing in Brazil. In
October 2001, ITOCHU increased its stake in JBP to about 26%, with a
¥12.4 billion investment when JBP increased its stake in CENIBRA to
100%. As a result, ITOCHU has become JBP’s second largest shareholder
next to Oji Paper Co., Ltd.
CENIBRA owns a plantation with 120,000 Ha. of sustainable hardwood and
a capacity to produce 820,000 tons of pulp annually. This is an
important project to maintain prominent forest resources, and to
contribute to ITOCHU’s worldwide sales strategy."
Overseas Afforestation Business—Tree Farm Concept
www.npaper.co.jp/e/ecology/p6-9.pdf
"Creating recyclable resources through the Tree Farm Concept
The aim of Nippon Paper’s overseas afforestation ac-tivities—the
Company’s Tree Farm Concept—is to independently cultivate necessary
forestry resources, thereby securing stable raw materials for paper in
the future. Specific objectives include afforesting more than 100,000
hectares by fiscal 2008 and using these planted trees to supply more
than one million tons of wood chips annually. Nippon Paper commenced
overseas afforestation with its participation in a project in Chile in
1991 and has steadily expanded the scope of these activities to
Australia in 1995 and South Africa in 1996. The Company also began a
trial afforestation project in Myanmar in 1996. In 1998, Nippon Paper
became the first Japanese company to commence afforestation in China
for the purpose of securing raw`materials. As of the end of fiscal
1999, the Company`had afforested more than 28,000 hectares, and by
fiscal 2000, plans to afforest 6,400 additional hectares."
[...]
"As it progresses with its Tree Farm Concept, Nippon Paper has set a
target of obtaining more than 70% of its imports of hardwood chips
derived from planted areas by fiscal 2008. In fiscal 2000,
approximately 46% of the Company’s imports of hardwood chips were
already obtained from plantations."
Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited
Expansion of Plantation Project in Tasmania, Australia
http://web.infoweb.ne.jp/mpm/eng/news/991004.html
" 1. Outline of Plantation Project
i. Project: The initial planned plantation area, which had an annual
planting rate of 1,500 hectares totaled 22,500 hectares, will be
expanded to an annually 1,700 hectares, for a total of 25,500
hectares. From 2012 approximately 500,000 tonnes per year of
plantation wood will be produced.
ii. Species: Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus Nitens
iii. Plantation Area: North East Tasmania, Australia"
{...}
"3. Outline of North Limited
A major forestry and mining resource company in Australia (previous
name: North Broken Hill Limited). Net assets of the North group of
companies are AUD 1,800 million, total turnover is in excess of AUD
2,000 million (as of End June 1999). North Forest Products is its
wholly owned forestry company with an annual turnover of A$220
million. North's total export quantity of hardwood chips in 1998 was
equivalent to 45% of the total chips exported from Australia to
Japan."
Japanese woodchip import market (2000)
http://sres.anu.edu.au/associated/marketreport/report14.pdf
"In recent years, Australia has received $600–650 million annually in
revenue from exports of some 4–4.5 million ‘bone dry’ tonnes (b.d.t.)
woodchips. Hardwood chips contribute about three-quarters to the total
export value and volume; softwood chips contribute the remainder.
Australia exports woodchips mainly to Japan, Korea, Taiwan and
Indonesia. However, by far the most significant and consistent market
is Japan; it buys around 95 per cent of the total Australian exports."
Market for forest products in South Korea (1999)
http://sres.anu.edu.au/associated/marketreport/report10.pdf
"In 1998-99 Korea jumped ahead of Hong Kong and Chinese Taipei to
become Australia’s third largest export market for forest products."
[...]
Woodchips (dry basis) 1.4 70.9 (‘000 m3)
[...]
"A Korean company has made a substantial investment in plantation
forestry in Western Australia. The company is Hansol; it is one of the
major manufacturers of pulp, paper and wood based panels in Korea.
According to Mr Frank Lee, the manager of Hansol’s Australian
subsidiary, the company has established about 10,000 hectares of
eucalypt plantations. Its target is to increase the area to 20,000
hectares by 2004."
[...]
"A recent FAO study, Global forest products consumption, production,
trade and prices: global forest products model projections to 2010"
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E00.HTM
ASIA
Table A1.10 Consumption of Woodpulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E49.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 16558 26848 28308 30611 36699
Bangladesh 47 100 98 109 145
China 1729 3916 4020 3876 4023
India 376 1062 1219 1303 1364
Indonesia 115 1830 2027 2332 2579
Japan 11299 13928 11618 12473 13227
Korea 600 2391 3781 3944 4660
Malaysia 5 197 496 663 939
Pakistan 12 58 255 268 308
Philippines198 214 177 161 218
Australia 968 1210 1898 2468 2834
New Zealand 655 708 748 781 832
Table A1.11 Consumption of Mechanical Pulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E53.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3472 4100 5919 6576 7257
Bangladesh 14 46 43 50 66
China 348 668 1277 1501 1588
India 42 236 341 373 410
Indonesia 39 98 359 430 496
Japan 2145 2034 1556 1606 1667
Korea 168 179 896 924 1070
Malaysia 0 0 89 116 186
Pakistan 5 0 61 65 77
Philippines 41 53 45 29 31
Thailand 2 7 277 262 236
Australia 216 355 527 691 825
New Zealand 308 328 214 211 215
Table A1.12 Consumption of Chemical Pulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E57.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 13086 22748 22389 24034 26362
Bangladesh 33 54 55 60 78
China 1381 3248 2743 2375 2435
India 334 826 878 930 954
Indonesia 76 1732 1669 1902 2083
Japan 9154 11894 10062 10868 11560
Korea 432 2212 2885 3020 3590
Malaysia 5 197 407 548 754
Pakistan 7 58 194 204 231
Philippines 157 161 133 131 187
Thailand 78 211 796 734 682
Australia 752 855 1371 1777 2009
New Zealand 347 380 534 570 616
Table A2.10 Production of Woodpulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E122.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 13712 18847 20380 23027 26320
Bangladesh 41 96 92 93 102
China 1343 2454 3062 3085 3070
India 340 892 1152 1273 1351
Indonesia 46 1259 1806 2234 2535
Japan 9473 10435 7498 9045 11006
Korea 167 532 1540 1359 1684
Malaysia 0 103 478 659 938
Pakistan 0 0 85 65 90
Philippines 144 151 102 74 117
Thailand 0 64 791 607 375
Australia 697 987 1814 2430 2817
New Zealand 1122 1358 1556 1612 1667
Table A3. 10 Import of Woodpulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E195.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3455 8906 8826 8458 8152
China 419 1477 965 798 957
India 36 170 68 30 13
Indonesia 69 691 266 118 52
Japan 1925 3505 4124 3431 2222
Korea 433 1859 2241 2585 2976
Malaysia 5 94 18 4 1
Pakistan 12 58 170 204 218
Philippines 55 63 75 87 101
Thailand 80 211 292 392 544
Australia 271 223 84 37 17
New Zealand 8 16 6 3 1
Table A4.10 Export of Woodpulp (thousand MT). (Continued)
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X1607E/X1607E268.htm#TopOfPage
Country 1980 1994 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 609 905 898 874 853
China 33 15 7 7 3
Indonesia 0 120 45 20 9
Japan 99 12 5 2 1
Thailand 0 57 10 2 1
New Zealand 475 666 814 833 836
PULP AND PAPER CAPACITIES, 2001-2006
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/004/y3995t/y3995t.pdf
AUSTRALIA
1000 METRIC TONS (AIR DRY) PER YEAR
1.11 MECHANICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
2001-2006 110 per annum
1.31 SEMI-CHEMICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
2001 205
2002-2006 200 per annum
1.421 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHITE PULP
2001-2003 27 per annum
2004-2006 28 per annum
1.441 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE+SODA PULP
2001-2006 145 per annum
INDONESIA
1.31 SEMI-CHEMICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
2001-2006 277 per annum
1.441 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE+SODA PULP
2001 2385 per annum
2002 2635 per annum
2003-2004 2835 per annum
JAPAN
1.441 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE+SODA PULP
2001-2006 7477 per annum capacity
2001-2006 514 per annum production
NEW ZEALAND
1.31 SEMI-CHEMICAL NON-CONIFEROUS PULP
2001-2006 48 per annum
1.441 BLEACHED NON-CONIFEROUS SULPHATE+SODA PULP
2001-2006 48 per annum
Update on the International Woodchip Market
http://www.wri-ltd.com/PPT%20presentations/Cint2002.pdf
"After reaching record levels in 2000, Japanese hardwood chip imports
declined 5% in 2001 and are down 3- 4% in 2002"
[...]
"Japanese imports of hardwood chips from Australia and S. Africa have
increased, but imports from the US have plunged"
[...]
"Plantation forests are taking over much of the international pulpwood
trade"
[...]
"The projected supply of hardwood chips from plantations appears to be
greatly in excess of current market demand"
Overview of the International Woodchip Markets
flynn.pdf
http://www.cintrafor.org/OUTREACH_TAB/presentations/Flynn.pdf
"Pacific Rim Woodchip Imports, 1999
Percent by Volume
Taiwan
4.6%
Indonesia
0.3%
Japan
88.0%
Korea
7.2%
Source: DANA/Flynn, 2000"
[...]
"• Japan typically accounts for about 90% of the Pacific Rim woodchip
trade. Prices in Japan are higher than any other market.
• Korea’s share was higher than normal in 1999 due to restocking of
very low inventory levels.
• Only one pulp mill imports chips in Korea, and two small mills in
Taiwan.
• Indonesia emerged as a new market in late 1999, and has been
receiving regular shipments from Australia in 2000. There is hope of a
softwood chip market in China developing soon.
• Japan’s consumption of domestic chips has been declining steadily
since the late 1980s. Through July, consumption of domestic chips is
down 1.1% in 2000, compared with 1999."
[...]
"Japan: Sources of Hardwood Chip Imports,
1999
Australia
27.0%
USA
26.5%
Chile
13.8%
S. Africa
12.5%
Brazil
3.0%
Other
12.2%
China
5.0%
Source: Japan Ministry of Finance
Japan: Hardwood Chip Imports,
Percent by Source, Jan - August, 2000
Australia
27.8%
S. Africa
13.2%
Other
13.3%
Brazil
3.1%
China
6.0%
• The US share of Japanese hardwood chip imports peaked in 1996, at
31.7%, and has been steadily declining.
• Australia’s market share was 60-70% through 1987, but has reduced as
other supply sources have developed. Volume from Australia peaked in
1995, at nearly 3.0 million BDMT.
• Chile only began exporting in 1987, the same year that chip exports
began from the US South. Volume from Chile also peaked in 1995, at 1.9
million BDMT.
• The "Other" category included 11 other supply sources in 1999.
• Although total hardwood chip imports are up 10% this year, the US
share has declined to less than 23%, its lowest level since 1987.
• Chile’s market share declined slightly, but all other major sources
are higher, and some "Other" sources such as Thailand and Vietnam have
also increased shipments in 2000.
• Imports from Australia are at record pace, and may reach 3.2 million
BDMT for the year. The volume from South Africa is also expected to
reach a record level of 1.5-1.6 million BDMT."
newslettersample.pdf
Timber Mart-South
Market Newsletter 1 st Quarter 2001 – Vol. 6 No. 1
www.tmart-south.com/tmart/pdf/samplereport/newslettersample.pdf
"On April 2, Bowater Incorporated announced an agreement to purchase
Alliance Forest Products Inc. Bowater will add Alliance’s
supercalendered and specialty papers to Bowater’s coated groundwood
and value-added paper production. Bowater is the second largest
producer of newsprint in North America, with up to 3.1 million metric
tons capacity (including the Mokpo, South Korea mill) and third
largest producer of market pulp."
chapter02.pdf
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
www.pc.gov.au/ic/inquiry/32addfur/finalreport/chapter02.pdf
388 hecatres of closed broadleaf forest in Asia
Table 2.3: The world’s 20 largest forest products companies, 1991 a
International Paper USA
Georgia-Pacific USA
Stora Sweden
Weyerhaeuser USA
Kimberly-Clark USA
Fletcher Challenge b NZ
Repola Finland
Svenska Cellulosa Sweden
Stone Container USA
Scott Paper USA
Champion International USA
Oji Paper Japan
Mead USA
James River USA
Arjo Wiggins Appleton UK
Jujo Paper Japan
Boise Cascade USA
Noranda Forest Canada
Amcor Aust
Honshu Paper Japan
"•Woodchips - Japan imports approximately 80 per cent of all woodchips
traded internationally. The United States and Australia are the main
suppliers of woodchips, although Australia’s export share has fallen
over the last few years as a result of increased exports from
countries such as Chile and South Africa."
FOREST POLICY AND CONSERVATION MOVEMENTS IN
THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/phase1/3ws-11-youn.pdf
There are three kinds of pulp mills in ROK; namely four ground wood
pulp mills, a thermo-mechanical pulp mill, and a chemical mill. The
production capacity has increased from 35,600 tons in 1960 to 852,000
tons in 1997. The chemical pulp mill with production capacity of
400,000 tons per year consumes mainly hardwood chips while the other
mills consume pine logs and chips.
Table 5. Supply of raw materials for Korean paper industry (unit:
metric ton)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996
Pulp 239,695
(65.1%)
325,250
(45.6%)
620,264
(36.7%)
834,611
(35.5%)
1,457,61
2
(30.4%)
2,218,15
8
(31.0%)
2,526,44
7
(31.9%)
Pulp imported from overseas in 1997 was 1.981 million tons, of which
1.798 tons was chemical pulp (FAO 1999). The source of pulp imported
includes USA, Canada, Indonesia, Brazil, Chile and New Zealand.
Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Mills
1_d_pulp_paper_e.pdf
www.nccp.ca/NCCP/national_stakeholders/ pdf/1_d_pulp_paper_e.pdf
Canada is the world’s largest exporter of commodity-grade pulp and
paper products.
Wood is made up of cellulose fibres held together by a substance
called lignin. The first stage of papermaking from wood chips and
residues involves breaking this material down into its basic
constituents. Most Canadian market pulp mills use a chemical process,
called the Kraft process, for this task. In this process, the wood
chips and residues are put into a chemical solution which, when placed
under high pressure, dissolves the lignin holding the cellulose fibres
together. The output is wood pulp, in solution, and a residual
lignin-bearing liquid called black liquor. The majority of newsprint
mills use a mechanical pulping method which grinds the input material
into pulp. When recovered waste paper is the raw material, it does not
have to be “re-pulped”, so it is dissolved and de-inked before use.
Pulp is often bleached to increase its “brightness” and, if being
sold, must then be dried.
11.0 per cent of Canada's pulp exports go to Japan. (41.4 per cent go
to the US.)
In 2000, Canada shipped about $C 1 billion worth of market pulp to
Japan, accounting for 43 per cent of its imports of that commodity.
The US held the second largest share of Japanese imports, 29 per cent,
followed by Brazil, 11 per cent, Chile, 4 per cent, and non-Annex B
countries at 6.1 per cent. Thus, non-Annex B countries and the US held
49 per cent of Japanese imports.
Paperlopp.com - leading the pulp...
"Indonesian pulp mill nears completion
PT Tanjungenim Lestari Pulp in southern Sumatra, Indonesia, is
expected to begin trial runs by the end of the year, with commercially
saleable pulp available in first-quarter 2000. Construction began in
February 1998 on the $1.2 billion, one-line 450,000 mtpy bleached
hardwood kraft market pulp mill. It will be the world’s first 100%
acacia-sourced mill. The mill is the largest market pulp project to
come onstream in recent times and the first greenfield market pulp
mill to be built since late 1997."
[ASIA PACIFIC RESOURCE INTERNATIONAL LIMITED]
APRIL plans new kraft pulp line
"Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd. (APRIL) is planning to
build a new 450,000 mtpy bleached hardwood kraft pulp line at its
Riaupulp mill in Kerinci, Indonesia. One-third of the required $524
million has been financed, mainly through company equity. Future plans
call to boost capacity of the new pulp line to 1.1 million mtpy.
The company has earmarked the expansion an “immediate priority” and
expects the pulp line to start production 18 months after all the
financing has been committed which is expected in the near future.
APRIL said UPM-Kymmene would not provide the remaining financing.
Finnish papermaker UPM-Kymmene is a partner with the company in its
uncoated free-sheet paper operations in Indonesia and China. Plans for
a second uncoated free-sheet PM with a capacity of 350,000 mtpy at the
mill have been hampered by financing difficulties. Talks are
continuing between APRIL, UPM and Valmet Corp., which is to supply the
paper machine.
APRIL is still progressing with a $100 million debottlenecking program
on Riaupulp's No. 1 pulp line to boost bleached kraft pulp capacity by
100,000 mtpy to 850,000 mtpy. A significant amount of work has been
completed, including the installation of an additional digester, wood
handling and recovery boiler capacity, allowing for some incremental
production. The project is expected to be completed by the end of the
year."
[...]
"Chinese newsprint mill to start in 2000
Plans by the Black Dragon Group in China to build a greenfield
newsprint mill in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang province, are being slowed by
pulping equipment delivery problems. Most of the mill's pulp line has
been installed, but delivery of two refiners have been held up in
customs.
Andritz Inc. supplied the 200 mtpd alkaline peroxide pulp line. Black
Dragon expected to start up the pulp line as soon as possible, and the
first parts for the 220,000 mtpy paper machine from Valmet Corp. are
scheduled to be delivered in December with start-up of the machine
scheduled for late 2000. The 625 mtpd PM has a design speed of 5,900
ft/min and a wire width of 240 in. and will manufacture 48.8 g/m2
newsprint for the domestic market."
[...]
"GLOBAL WOODPULP CAPACITY FOR PAPER AND PAPERBOARD BY REGION,
1998-2001*
(000 mtpy)
1998 1999 2000 2001
Total Market Total Market Total Market Total Market
Pulp Pulp Pulp Pulp
North
America 91,462 20,034 92,554 19,64392,035 19,672 92,319 19,809
Canada 28,291 11,537 28,140 11,23328,320 11,164 28,342 11,155
United
States 63,171 8,497 64,414 8,410 63,715 8,508 63,977 8,654
Europe 53,296 13,610 53,398 13,48954,150 13,776 54,918 13,673
Asia/Pacific
Rim 32,052 5,205 32,092 5,205 32,102 5,205 32,631 5,730
Latin
America 11,569 5,339 11,915 5,478 12,083 5,537 12,223 5,551
Africa 2,913 834 2,925 860 2,925 860 2,925 860
Total
woodpulp 191,292 45,022 192,884 44,675193,295 45,050 195,016 45,623
*Not all countries reporting.Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations."
KOREA
Korea Forest Products
Market Report
2001
http://www.dced.state.ak.us/trade/pub/koreatimberreport.pdf
"The value of Korea’s timber import has been increased continuously
and was $1.6 billion USD in 2000, up 11.7% from 1999. Meanwhile,
Korea’s demand for timber is projected to reach 10,935 mmbf in 2001, a
2.7% increase over 2000."
[...]
"According to Korea’s timber demand and supply plan for 2001 released
by Korea Forest Service, the total demand for Korea’s forest products
is projected to reach 25,851,000 m 3 (approx. 10,934,973,000 board
feet) in 2001, which is 2.7% up from the previous year. The projected
demand for 2001 will be met by the following supply:
Demand in 2001: 25,851,000 m 3 (10,935 mmbf)
Supply in 2001: Import 24,411,000 m 3 (10,326 mmbf) Domestic 1,440,000
m 3 (609 mmbf )
The imported timber is expected to account for 94.4% of the total
demand in 2001, with locally produced timber at 5.6%
By use, the demand for pulp and chip is projected to reach 10,894,000
m 3 (42%), lumber 6,456,000 m 3 (25%), plywood 3,103,000 m 3 (12%),
board 1,988,000 m 3 (8%), and pit-prop 108,000 m 3 (0.4%)."
AUSTRALIA
Newsletter
SPECIAL EDITION 2002
http://www.gunns.com.au/plantations/newsletters/0835SpecialNews.pdf
"John (J): Today Gunns is Australia’s leading fully integrated
hardwood forest products company. The acquisition and integration of
Boral’s forestry operations and North Forest Products over the last
two years has increased the depth of Gunns’ operations enormously. In
particular these acquisitions mean than Gunns is now the largest
hardwood woodchip export company in the world."
Newsletter
SUMMER 2002
http://www.gunns.com.au/plantations/newsletters/0802SummerNews.pdf
"Les (L): We are entering a very exciting period. Recently Gunns
signed a contract with China’s new pulp and paper mill - Rizhao Pulp &
Paper Co as a principal supplier of hardwood chips. Gunns has over
three decades of trading history with the Japanese and is highly
regarded by its customers because of its reliability, quality control
and value-add, through our quality certification by laboratory testing
of pulp and paper samples. In the Asian region Gunns customers include
Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan and now China."
MARKET OVERVIEW – THE AUSTRALIAN HARDWOOD PLANTATION INDUSTRY
http://www.ausagrigroup.com.au/download%20files/aag_2003_marketoverview_hardwood.pdf
"There is currently 587,856 hectares of Australia devoted to hardwood
eucalypt plantations, with the majority of these aged less than ten
years. Hardwood makes up 37% of the total standing forestry plantation
in this country and is increasing it’s share each year."
[...]
"The originally employed species of Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian
Blue Gum) is still the major contributor to Australian Hardwood. It
makes up 62% of all eucalypt plantations, featuring in all major
growth regions and due to it’s fast growth rate and premium wood
fibres is primarily harvested for export woodchip, pulping and paper
production.
Other Eucalypt species used in Australian hardwood production include
Spotted gum, Sugar gum, Shining gum, Mountain ash, Flooded gum, and
more recently in Northern Australia, Gympie Messmate and the
Chinchilla white gum."
[...]
"Australia is currently well positioned to have continual, and
possibly greater success in the hardwood woodchip market, with our
traditional competitor in the dominant Japanese market, the US,
significantly reducing it’s export share over the last four years.
Currently harvesting hardwood almost exclusively from native forests,
American production has come under severe environmental pressure and
volumes of hardwood out of the US have fallen dramatically. US exports
to Japan in 2002 were insignificant against Australia, Chile and South
Africa, while predictions indicate that this figure will be close to
nothing by 2010 (Figure 4). In 2002 Australia exported 88% of it’s
hardwood woodchip exports to Japan (ABARE 2002)."
woodchipping.html
http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects/hemp/woodchipping.html
"Boral employs 22,000 people at 1,000 locations in 23 countries. Its
operating profit for 1994 was $424.7 million and its total assets $5.6
billion.
It is the second largest hardwood woodchip exporter in the world,
exporting 947,000 tonnes p.a. from Tasmania and 500,000 from New South
Wales."
[...]
"Sawmillers Export Limited (SELP)
SELP, a subsidary of Boral, operates out of Newcastle, NSW, and has a
Federal export licence of 500,000 tonnes per year, although it has
never reached this level (320,000 tonnes in 1993). Japanese pulp and
paper trading multinational, Itochu, is a minority shareholder.
SELP obtains all its woodchips from the native forests of the north
coast of NSW. Boral contractors have logged a number of high
conservation value forests in northern NSW, and it is estimated that
it has control of 60% of the sawlog quotas from NSW public forests."
[...]
DAISHOWA PAPER MANUFACTURING CO.
"This company is 100% Japanese owned. Orginally split between the
majority owner Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Company Limited, based in
Fuji City, Japan, and Itochu Corporation, Daishowa sold its 62.5%
share to the company's founding Saito family division, Daishowa
Ashitaka Rinsan Kogyo for $US49 million in 1990. Just who benefited
from this sale, and how, is not known.
Daishowa imports woodchips and pulp from Australia, Brazil, Chile,
Canada, Finland, Portugal, Thailand, Russia and the US."
[...]
"Established in Eden in 1967, Harris Daishowa has been the driving
force behind the logging of thousands of hectares of old growth and
wilderness forests in Southeast NSW, and Eastern Gippsland, Victoria.
In 1994 the company exported 893,521 tonnes of woodchips and reduced
its federal export licence from 950,000 tonnes per year to 900,000,
reflecting the then sluggish Japanese pulp and paper market. The
company exports 80% of NSW woodchips."
GUNNS LTD
"It is also the ultimate holding company of Kauri Timbers, based in
Smithton in the state's north west. Another related entity, Romcke
Specialised Woods sells a wide range of imported tropical and
temperate rainforest timbers.
Gunns, along with North Forest Products will be one of the main
beneficiaries from wet eucalypt forest logging operations in and
around Australia's largest area of rainforest, the Tarkine, in
Tasmania's north west.
In 1994, the company obtained permission from Federal Resources
Minister David Beddall to export 200,000 tonnes of its "sawmill
redidue" as woodchips to Japan, which may result in the construction
of another chip mill in the north west. It has indicated a wish to
ultimately chip 475,000 tpa."
MIDWAY FOREST PRODUCTS
"Midway Forest Products exports eucalypt woodchips from Corio Bay in
Geelong, Victoria. They source their woodchips from over 80 sawmills
throughout Victoria and Southern New South Wales (as far north as
Tumut). Currently they have a federal export licence through the
Department of Primary Resources to export 313,000 tonnes of woodchips
per year sourced only from 'sawlog residues and silvicultural
thinnings', although Midway is also chipping whole logs."
NORTH BROKEN HILL (North Forest Products)
"NBH's subsidary North Forest Products is the world's largest exporter
of hardwood chips, and holds a licence of 1,878,000 tonnes per annum,
divided between Longreach, on the Tamar River, northern Tasmania
(1,065,000tpa) and at Triabunna, southern Tasmania (813,000 tpa).
Almost all woodchips are exported to Japan to Nippon Paper Industries,
New Oji and Mitsubishi. Other related entites include Australian
Forest Holdings and Tamanian Pulp and Forest Holdings (TPFH)."
QUEENSLAND HARDWOOD RESOURCES PTY LTD
WESFARMERS
"Based in Perth, Western Australia, this company operates a woodchip
mill in Manjimup and an export facility at Bunbury. It has a federal
export licence of 900,000 tpa although in 1992 exports totalled
830,000 tonnes."
Whittakers
"Based in Greenbushes, WA Whittakers is a Malaysian-owned sawmilling
company that markets its "residual" woodchips through a subsidary
company, Southern Plantations Chip Company. The company relies
entirely on its forestry activities for its income, with half of its
profits received from woodchips.
It has a current federal export licence of 110,000 tpa, but there are
plans for a new native forest based woodchip mill that could initially
process 500,000 tonnes of woodchips a year"
INDONESIA
INDONESIA - PULP AND PAPER - End User Analysis
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSGF/dd73687f.html
"Installed Production Capacity as of 1997
(000's/tonnes/year)
Pulp Paper
PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Corp. 1,435 1,254
PT. Lontar Papyrus Pulp & Paper Industry 565 224
Sinar Mas Group had formed 2 holding companies for its pulp and paper
operations: PT. Purinusa for its operations in Indonesia and Asia Pulp
& Paper Co. Ltd for all of its operation in the rest of the world.
Please refer to table 9 for Sinar Mas's current expansion projects."
[...]
"
Raja Garuda Mas Group (RGM Group) represents the second largest pulp
manufacturer. It consists of PT. Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper which
produces 600,000 ton/year of pulp and PT. Inti Indorayon Utama which
produces 220,000 ton/year of pulp and 60,000 ton/year of rayon fiber.
The RGM Group exports 70% of its annual production of approximately
240,000 metric tonnes of hardwood pulp and 60,000 tonnes of rayon
fiber.
PT. Pakerin manufactures 150,000 ton/year of pulp and 700,000 ton/year
of paper. Pakerin is the second largest p&p producer on the the island
of Java. Besides pulp, Pakerin produces corrugating medium, kraft
liner, and boards.
PT. Kiani Kertas has the largest single line pulp machine, which
produces 500,000 ton/year. Kiani is one of the subsidiary companies of
Kalimanis Group owned by the timber tycoon Mr. Muhammad "Bob Hasan",
known as a close friend of former President Soeharto. Kiani's project
in East Kalimantan includes a deep-water port, an airport with a
2,500-meter runway, and a residential complex for about 1,000
employees. Currently, Kiani is restructuring and rescheduling its
debts with South Korean and Japanese bankers for the approximate
amount of USD 1.3 billion. At full capacity, the mill has a projected
annual revenue of USD 225 million. Mr. Hasan estimated Kalimanis group
to be worth of USD 3 billion to USD 4 billion. A reliable source at
Kiani confirmed that Kiani has opened the opportunity for a strategic
partnership to help run the mill.
PT. Tanjung Enim Lestari Pulp & Paper's mill is currently still under
construction in South Sumatra. It will produce pulp only with an
estimated production capacity of 450,000 ton/year. It is expected to
commence operation in September 1999."
[...]
LIST OF PULP AND PAPER MILLS EXPANSION PROJECTS
Company Mill Capacity (000's/TPA)
Location Pulp Paper
PT. Lontar Papyrus Pulp&Paper Ind. Jambi 440 0
PT. Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper Riau 500 300
PT. Pakerin S. Sumatra 150 0
PT. Fajar Surya Wisesa E.Kalimantan 300 0
PT. Kertas Basuki Rachmat W.Kalimantan 250 0"
INDONESIA - PULP AND PAPER - ISA981101
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/forestprod/indonesia.htm
"Table 3
STATISTICS OF PULP 1987-1996 (IN METRIC TONNES)
Year Capacity Production Import Export Consumption
1987 515,000 325,000 232,500 7,500 550,000
1988 605,900 368,400 199,300 7,700 560,000
1989 705,900 461,400 208,000 86,480 582,920
1990 1,000,000 697,000 217,000 181,000 733,000
1991 1,100,000 850,000 242,300 107,200 985,100
1992 1,100,000 870,000 447,700 111,000 1,206,700
1993 1,334,700 900,000 705,700 123,600 1,482,100
1994 2,054,700 1,314,300 687,000 243,200 1,758,100
1995 2,628,600 2,022,120 511,850 576,200 1,957,770
1996 2,740,600 2,560,510 836,080 1,127,390 2,269,200
Source: Indonesian Pulp and Paper Association"
Asia Pulp & Paper
Asia Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd.
http://www-1.gsb.columbia.edu/journals/files/chazen/Asia_Pulp_and_Paper.pdf
"In April 1999, a Singaporean company named Asia Pulp & Paper (APP)
raised more than U.S.$400 million on the New York Stock Exchange
through an issue of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). This was
APP’s third such offering in the United States. The company had
originally listed on the NYSE through an initial public offering in
April 1995, when it raised U.S.$311 million at U.S.$11.50/ADR. This
IPO was followed in late 1997 by a secondary ADR offering, which
raised U.S.$228 million. Together these three equity issues raised
almost U.S.$1 billion for APP. This was quite an achievement for a
company that had been only incorporated in Singapore in 1994. APP was
the darling of emerging-market equity investors. It represented a new
breed of Asian entrepreneur. This company would not be confined to a
home country or geographic region. It sought to compete globally in
the brutally competitive pulp and paper commodity markets. The company
also had the competitive advantage of being one of the world’s
lowest-cost producers of pulp through long-term concession rights to
more than 540 thousand hectares of tropical hardwood forests (Lee
2001)."
"The following is an excerpt from one of Asia Pulp & Paper’s filings
with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission:
2. Who We Are
We are one of Asia’s largest pulp and paper producers outside of
Japan, and one of the lowest-cost producers of pulp and paper in the
world. Most of our production facilities are in Indonesia, and we also
have facilities in China and India. In recent years, we have had
leading market shares in the Indonesian printing and writing paper
market, as well as other paper markets in Singapore, Hong Kong, and
Malaysia. As a result of our capacity expansion, as well as the
economic difficulties in Indonesia beginning in late 1997, we shifted
our primary focus to markets outside of Indonesia, particularly other
markets in Asia, such as China and Japan, and key developed markets in
Europe and North America. We now sell our products in over 60
countries worldwide. As a result, our sales outside of Indonesia
increased to approximately 87% of our consolidated net sales in 1998
from approximately 65% in 1997.
From 1994 to the present, our annual production capacity for:"
[...]
"• Pulp increased from approximately 1.2 million tonnes to
approximately 2.2 million tonnes"
[...]
"3. Background
APP was incorporated in Singapore in 1994, but its roots were in
Indonesia. The company was created to hold the pulp, paper and
packaging operations of the Sinar Mas Group, an Indonesian business
conglomerate that was controlled by the Widjaya family. The Widjayas
were well known in Indonesia and had a reputation as hard-nosed
businessmen. Unlike some Indonesian business groups that relied on
cronylike contacts with Indonesia’s then head of state, Suharto, to
facilitate business dealings, the Widjayas maintained a low profile
and concentrated on skillfully expanding their businesses. Those
business interests included pulp and paper, palm oil plantations, real
estate development and financial services, the last through Bank
Internasional Indonesia (BII). The pulp, papers and packaging assets
of the Sinar Mas Group consisted of four Indonesian companies, two of
which, Tjiwi Kimia and Indah Kiat, were publicly listed on the
Surabaya Stock Exchange. (The other two companies were Pindo Deli and
Lontar Papyrus.) These assets were consolidated into APP, the holding
company in Singapore, prior to APP’s listing on the NYSE in April
1995."
Industry Evolution in Developing Countries:
the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry
http://www.wiwi.uni-augsburg.de/vwl/hanusch/emaee/Papers/Van_Dijk.pdf
"4 Historical Overview
In 1996, Before the Asian crisis, the pulp and paper industry was
Indonesia’s tenth largest industrial sector in terms of value added.
Especially in the 1990s, the industry went through a phase of enormous
growth of on average 20 percent per year, becoming an important
international player. At the risk of over simplification, the
development of the pulp and paper industry can be divided into four
sub periods, which resemble, to a large extent, the overall
development of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia."
[...]
"In the end of the 80s, the industry started to integrate backward
into the production of pulp. The pioneering company was Indah Kiat,
which set up the first large non-integrated pulp mill in Riau, Sumatra
with a capacity of 100,000 tpy in 1984. The mill was started up with
the intention to supply the paper mills in the Indah Kiat group, which
were still dependent on expensive imports. In 1989, the first large
non- integrated pulp mill, PT Inti Indorayon Utama, fully aimed at
producing market pulp started production with a capacity of 180,000
tpy (Laurila, 1989; Harianto et al., 1998). In the next years, pulp
capacity was boosted by the expansion of the existing mills and the
start- up of several world-class pulp mills. With a capacity of
750,000, the pulp mill of Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper (RAPP) was the
single largest pulp line in the world (Stafford, 2000)."
[...]
"As a consequence of the rapid expansion, Indonesia became a net
exporter of pulp in 1995. In 1996, Indonesia ranked seventh and
sixteenth, on the list of the worlds largest exporters of pulp and
paper, respectively (FAO, 2002)."
[...]
"The existence of a dual market structure is mainly caused by the
behaviour of one dominant market player, Asian Pulp and Paper (APP),
owned by the Sinar Mas Group, one of the largest conglomerates in
Indonesia.. Figure 5a shows concentration, measured as the share of
the four largest mills, and the market share of APP starting from
1980, based on tons of printing and writing paper produced.
Concentration, already high with 67 percent in 1980, increased to
about 90 percent in 2000. Three out of the four largest mills, Tjiwi
Kimia, Pindo Deli and Indah Kiat (Riau), and two smaller mills are
owned by APP and together account for almost 90 percent of total
production. In 2000 its market share decreased a little bit because
Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper (RAPP), brought on line its first PM with
a capacity of 325,000 tpy."
[...]
"5.2.1 Pulp
Currently there are six market pulp mills in Indonesia, of which five
are large scale state-of-the- art pulp plants owned by four Indonesian
conglomerates (APP owns two mills). The remaining mill is a small
facility about I do not have much information."
SOUTH AFRICA
OPERATIONS REPORT
http://www.mondi.co.za/kraft/SD_P8-12.pdf
SilvaCel Mill OPERATIONS
"Located close to the Richards Bay deep-water harbour, the SilvaCel
plant has the capacity to produce in excess of two million tons of
hardwood (eucalyp-tus and wattle) chips a year. All the plant’s chips
are exported to the Pacific Rim, where they are converted to pulp and
paper products. Set on a 19,7 ha site, the plant commenced operations
in October 1992. The woodchip business is focused primarily on meeting
the fibre requirements of the Japanese pulp and paper industry."
OTHER RESOURCES
AsiaPaperMarkets.com
http://www.asiapapermarkets.com/apm/index.html
http://www.asiapapermarkets.com/apm/apm/common/companyreport.jsp
http://www.asiapapermarkets.com/apm/apm/common/technical.jsp
PAPERAGE.COM
http://www.paperage.com
PULP & PAPER INFORMATION AT BUSINESS.COM
http://www.business.com/directory/industrial_goods_and_services/materials/pulp_and_paper/?partner=about
MARKET PULP ASSOCIATION (Definitions and General Information)
http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_1.html
Forest Industries- forestry, Canada, careers, jobs, forest
products, wood, paper, parks, trees, research, logging,
sawmills, news, environment, professional associations
http://www.canadian-forests.com/forind.html
cn_chhktap02-5g-e.htm (Information on the China market)
5. Sectors: Forestry - Pulp and Paper
http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/docs/cn_chhktap02-5g-e.htm
Pulp Manufacturers
http://www.paperonweb.com/plmanf.htm
APRIL
http://www.asiapulppaper.com/
http://www.april.com.sg
India Paper Market
http://www.indiapapermarket.com/pulp.asp
World Rainforst Movement
Globalization of the Pulp and Paper Industry
http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/information/Lang1.html
IEAPAP. 2002. Welcome to the IEA Pulp and Paper Website.
http://www.ieapap.com.
Updated 27.6.2002.
United States – Asia Environmental Partnership. 1997. Clean
Technologies in U.S.
Industries: Focus on Pulp and Paper.
http://www.usaep.org/reports/pulp.htm 18.6.2002.
Office of Industrial Technologies. 2001. Forest Products Industry
Profile. 8 pp.
http://www.oit.doe.gov/forest 13.6.2002.
FAO. 2000. Forest Resources Assessment 2000.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/index.jsp 27.3.2002 updated
31.12.2000.
Pulp and Paper Resources on the Web
http://www.paperonweb.com/
The Who's Who of Export Woodchipping
http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects/hemp/woodchipping.html
SOME SEARCH TERMS
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=hardwood+pulp+paper+manufacturing
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=hardwood+pulp+paper+asia+industry+leader
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=hardwood+chip+export+Asia
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=+Korea+hardwood+pulp+mill+largest
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Taiwan+hardwood+pulp+mill+largest
Substitute other country names as appropriate.
Search for largest exporter, largest importer, etc., by country.
hlabadie-ga |
