Hello Johnster,
Prior to providing your answer, I would like to say that answers
provided on Google Answers are general information, and are not
intended to substitute for informed professional medical advice.
I found a number of medical studies addressing both parts of your
question. I searched PubMed Central (PMC), which is the U.S. National
Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences journal
literature. They present over 80,000 articles from over 100 Journals
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc
The studies that I cite in my research are taken from authoritative
Medical Journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal
of Clinical Psychology, the British Medical Journal and the Journal of
Substance Abuse Treatment and other comparable sources.
====================================
Impatient versus Outpatient Programs
====================================
New England Journal of Medicine
Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient
detoxification of patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal
syndrome.
Hayashida M, Alterman AI, McLellan AT, O'Brien CP, Purtill JJ,
Volpicelli JR, Raphaelson AH, Hall CP.
The Study:
A comparison of effectiveness, safety, and costs of outpatient and
inpatient detoxification from alcohol in a randomized trial that
involved 164 male veterans of low socioeconomic status.
“Significantly more inpatients (95 percent) than outpatient (72
percent) completed detoxification. There were no serious medical
complications in either group. Outcome evaluations completed at one
and six months for 93 and 85 percent of the patients, respectively,
showed substantial improvement in both groups at both follow-up
periods. At one month there were fewer alcohol-related problems among
inpatients and fewer medical problems among outpatients. However, no
group differences were found at the six-month follow-up, nor were
differences found in the subsequent use of other alcoholism-treatment
services.“
Conclusion:
“Outpatient medical detoxification is an effective, safe, and low-cost
treatment for patients with mid-to-moderate symptoms of alcohol
withdrawal.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2913493&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
NIDA Research Monograph
Is inpatient medical alcohol detoxification justified: results of a
randomized, controlled study.
Hayashida M, Alterman A, McLellan T, Mann S, Maany I, O'Brien C.
“The findings of this study revealed relatively few short-term outcome
differences for patients meeting study criteria who were randomly
assigned to either outpatient or inpatient medical detoxification.
Given the higher costs of inpatient treatment, these findings suggest
that outpatient detoxification be considered as a meaningful and
cost-effective treatment for persons with mild to moderate alcohol
withdrawal symptomatology.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3136360&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
From the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism:
Inpatient Versus Less Intensive Treatment: What Does Treatment Outcome
Research Reveal?
“The effectiveness of inpatient versus less intensive treatment
continues to be debated and studies have been conducted comparing the
two at all stages of recovery.”
“In a well-designed randomized study, Hayashida and colleagues
compared detoxification using benzodiazepines in an inpatient setting
and in an outpatient setting and found no difference in outcome
between the two.”
References: HAYASHIDA, M.; Alterman, A.I.; McLellan, A.T.; O'Brien,
C.P.; Purtill, J.J.; Volpicelli, J.R.; Raphaelson, A.H.; & Hall, C.
Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient
detoxification of patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal
syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 320:358-365, 1989.
“One study compared outcome of an inpatient alcoholism treatment
program with outcome of a day hospital program and found that the
intensive outpatient treatment was as effective as the inpatient
treatment.”
References: LONGABAUGH, R.; McCrady, B.; Fink, E.; Stout, R.; McAuley,
T.; Doyle, C.; & McNeill, D. Cost effectiveness of alcoholism
treatment in partial vs inpatient settings: Six-month outcomes.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44(6):1049-1071, 1983.
“In a controlled clinical trial, Walsh and colleagues compared
hospitalization (including AA) with AA alone for employees at risk of
job loss. Results of this study suggest that inpatient rehabilitation
produces a more effective outcome than AA alone.”
References: (WALSH, D.C.; Hingson, R.W.; Merrigan, D.M.; Levenson,
S.M.; Cupples, L.A.; Heeren, T.; Coffman, G.A.; Becker, C.A.; Barker,
T.A.; Hamilton, S.K.; McGuire, T.G.; & Kelly, C.A. A randomized trial
of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers. New England Journal
of Medicine 325(11):775-782, 1991.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa17.htm
==============================================================
Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal
Hugh Myrick, M.D., and Raymond F. Anton, M.D.
This publication explores the management of Alcohol Withdrawal and
evaluates different treatment settings and medications, and addresses
considerations in treating special populations. I highly recommend
that you read the full article.
“Hospital admission provides the safest setting for the treatment of
AW, although many patients with mild to moderate symptoms can be
treated successfully on an outpatient basis. Severe AW requires
pharmacological intervention.”
“Appropriate treatment of alcohol withdrawal (AW) can relieve the
patient’s discomfort, prevent the development of more serious
symptoms, and forestall cumulative effects that might worsen future
withdrawals.”
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/38-43.pdf
==============================================================
Journal of Clin Psychol. 2000 Apr;68(2):277-89
Treatment settings for persons with alcoholism: evidence for matching
clients to inpatient versus outpatient care.
Rychtarik RG, Connors GJ, Whitney RB, McGillicuddy NB, Fitterling JM,
Wirtz PW.
“This study compared inpatient, intensive outpatient, and standard
outpatient treatment settings for persons with alcoholism and tested a
priori hypotheses about the interaction of setting with client alcohol
involvement and social network support for drinking.”
“The settings did not differ in post treatment primary drinking
outcomes.
... Clients high in alcohol involvement benefited more from inpatient
than outpatient care; the opposite was true at low alcohol involvement
levels.”
“Clients low in cognitive functioning also appeared to benefit more
from inpatient than outpatient care. Improved outcomes might be
achieved by matching degree of alcohol involvement and cognitive
functioning to level of care."
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10780128&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
J Stud Alcohol 1997 Jan; 58(1):7-29.
“Two parallel but independent randomized clinical trials were
conducted, one with alcohol dependent clients receiving outpatient
therapy (N = 952; 72% male) and one with clients receiving aftercare
therapy following inpatient or day hospital treatment (N = 774; 80%
male).”
“Clients were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week,
manual-guided, individually delivered treatments: Cognitive Behavioral
Coping Skills Therapy, Motivational Enhancement Therapy or Twelve-Step
Facilitation Therapy. Clients were then monitored over a 1-year post
treatment period.”
RESULTS:
“There was little difference in outcomes by type of treatment. Only
one attribute, psychiatric severity, demonstrated a significant
attribute by treatment interaction: In the outpatient study, clients
low in psychiatric severity had more abstinent days after 12-step
facilitation treatment than after cognitive behavioral therapy.
Neither treatment was clearly superior for clients with higher levels
of psychiatric severity. Two other attributes showed time-dependent
matching effects: motivation among outpatients and meaning-seeking
among aftercare clients”
CONCLUSIONS:
“The findings suggest that psychiatric severity should be considered
when assigning clients to outpatient therapies.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8979210&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Addiction -Volume 91 Issue 12 Page 1773 - December 1996
The effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment for alcohol
abuse: the need to focus on mediators and moderators of setting
effects.
John W. Finney, Annette C. Hahn, Rudolf H. Moos
“Previous reviews have concluded that there was no evidence for the
superiority of inpatient over outpatient treatment of alcohol abuse,
although particular types of patients might be more effectively
treated in inpatient settings.”
(..)
“Five studies had significant setting effects favoring inpatient
treatment; two studies found day hospital to be significantly more
effective than inpatient treatment, and seven studies yielded no
significant differences on drinking-related outcome variables.”
Blackwell Synergy - Online Journals
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0965-2140&date=1996&volume=91&issue=12&spage=1773
==============================================================
Am J Addict. 1999 Summer;8(3):220-33
Inpatient alcohol treatment in a private healthcare setting: which
patients benefit and at what cost?
Pettinati HM, Meyers K, Evans BD, Ruetsch CR, Kaplan FN, Jensen JM,
Hadley TR.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
This study investigated whether selected patients have better outcomes
with inpatient than outpatient treatment.
“There were 93 inpatients and 80 outpatients with alcohol dependence
who were evaluated at treatment entry to a private healthcare setting.
Patients with multiple drinking-related consequences were less likely
to return to significant drinking in the first 3 months after
treatment ended if they had attended inpatient compared to outpatient
treatment. Thus, inpatient appeared to have some advantage over
outpatient treatment in the early recovery period for patients with
multiple drinking-related consequences.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10506903&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Psychiatr Q. 1993 Summer;64(2):173-82
Inpatient vs outpatient treatment for substance dependence revisited.
Pettinati HM, Meyers K, Jensen JM, Kaplan F, Evans BD.
Carrier Foundation, Belle Mead, New Jersey 08502.
“Patients with high psychiatric severity and/or a poor social support
system are predicted to have a better outcome in inpatient treatment,
while patients with low psychiatric severity and/or a good social
support system may do well as outpatients without incurring the higher
costs of inpatient treatment.”
(..)
“Preliminary results from 183 inpatients and 120 outpatients indicated
outpatients, regardless of level of psychiatric severity, were 4 times
more likely to be early treatment failures.”
Publication Type: Review
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8391147&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
The British Medical Journal
A study on opiate abusers concludes that patients in the inpatient
group were more likely to achieve complete withdrawal than those in
the outpatient group.
Opiate withdrawal: inpatient versus outpatient programs and preferred
versus random assignment to treatment.
Gossop M, Johns A, Green L.
“The relative effectiveness of an inpatient and an outpatient
withdrawal program for opiate addicts was studied. Forty five men and
15 women (mean age 26.13 (SD 5.12) years) took part in the study.”
(..)
“Addicts in the inpatient group were more likely to achieve complete
withdrawal (25 out of 31, 81%) than those in the outpatient group
(five out of 29, 17%). This difference could not be attributed to
pretreatment factors related to drugs or to social or psychological
differences between the groups.”
Publication Type: Randomized Controlled Trial
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3089407&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
J Health Soc Policy. 1993;5(2):67-76
Inpatient and outpatient outcomes in Missouri's alcohol and drug
treatment programs.
Hartmann DJ, Sullivan WP, Wolk JL.
Department of Sociology, Southwest Missouri State University,
“A comparison of the effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient
services for alcohol and drug clients is presented. Controls for
program completion and severity of substance use on entry to treatment
are included. While inpatients do only as well as outpatients overall,
inpatient services show significant advantage for particular classes
of clients. Results, though preliminary, suggest that the recent call
for a cutback in inpatient services is premature.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10171763&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1981;8(3):329-45
Inpatient vs outpatient treatment of alcohol and drug abusers.
Cole SG, Lehman WE, Cole EA, Jones A.
“The literature on inpatient and outpatient treatment of alcohol and
drug abusers is reviewed. In addition, attrition as a major factor in
treatment is examined. While several hypothesized advantages for both
inpatient and outpatient treatment are advanced, it is pointed out
that, because of methodological and situational differences among the
studies, comparisons are difficult and risky to make. After suggesting
that there is little evidence to cause one to tout either inpatient or
outpatient treatment based on relative effectiveness, it is proposed
that a flexible treatment program utilizing both inpatient and
outpatient treatment with a focus on reducing attrition is most likely
to maximize effectiveness.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7041624&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Nervenarzt. 2003 Mar;74(3):219-25
Outpatient alcohol detoxification
Scherle T, Croissant B, Heinz A, Mann K.
“Increasing significance is being attributed to outpatient
detoxification treatment of alcohol-dependent patients. Many patients
want to undergo outpatient detoxification or even carry it out without
professional supervision. In some Scandinavian countries and in the
USA, outpatient detoxification under medical supervision has increased
substantially. In these countries, numerous studies describe
outpatient alcohol detoxification as a safe and cost-reducing method.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12627236&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Effective and Cost-Effective Measures To Reduce Alcohol Misuse In
Scotland: A Literature Review
“Outpatient treatment is safe and effective for patients with mild to
moderate symptoms.” (Fuller and Hiller-Sturmhofel 1999; O’Connor and
Schottenfield 1998)
“Completion rates may be lower and there is a greater risk of
short-term relapse but outcomes at 6 months are not significantly
different.” (Fuller and Hiller-Sturmhofel 1999)
(..)
“Results from two studies of inpatient treatment suggest that
reduction from 6 weeks to 4 weeks or from 28 days to 21 days had
little effect on outcomes.” (NIAAA 2000)
Scottish Executive Publications
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-13.asp
==============================================================
From the International Nurses Society on Addictions (IntNSA):
“Reported advantages offered by outpatient detoxification include
improved satisfaction and preference of some clients for this form of
care for reasons related to comfort and anonymity, possible earlier
entry into treatment for substance-related disorders, the opportunity
to include families more easily in the process, more individualized
treatment, and cost effectiveness.”
The International Nurses Society on Addictions
http://www.intnsa.org/pospapers/outdetox.html
==============================================================
From a United Nations publication on drug abuse:
There has been much debate and study of the relative effectiveness of
detoxification treatment in hospital inpatient or other residential
settings or in outpatient or community-based settings.
“Residential settings are generally associated with better completion
rates, but in most countries the prevailing practice is to stabilize
all but the most severely affected patients in outpatient settings.”
(..)
“Studies of shorter term outpatient reduction programs have generally
reported poor outcomes with high patient dropout and few achieving
abstinence . However, those patients who have less acute problems and
medical complications and have a stable, supportive home situation may
well be able to complete detoxification in the community (..) however,
a residential medical setting is generally required if the patient has
acute psychiatric symptoms and emotional distress.”
United Nations Drug Abuse Toolkit
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/report_2002-11-30_1.pdf
==============================================================
From the National Institute on Drug Abuse:
- “Outpatient Drug-Free Treatment costs less than residential or
inpatient treatment and often is more suitable for individuals who are
employed or who have extensive social supports.
- Low-intensity programs may offer little more than drug education and
admonition. Other outpatient models, such as intensive day treatment,
can be comparable to residential programs in services and
effectiveness, depending on the individual patient's characteristics
and needs.
- In many outpatient programs, group counseling is emphasized. Some
outpatient programs are designed to treat patients who have medical or
mental health problems in addition to their drug disorder.”
Source:
Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 2000
ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center)
http://ericcass.uncg.edu/virtuallib/subabuse/1059.html
=====================
Duration of Treatment
=====================
A consistent finding from the United States' national outcome studies
is that patients
who stay for at least three months in residential programs have
superior post-departure outcomes than patients with shorter stays
“Stabilization of acute withdrawal problems is typically completed
within 3-5 days, but this may need to be extended for patients with
conjoint medical or psychiatric problems or physiological dependence
upon benzodiazepines and other sedatives.
“Short-term residential rehabilitation programs are typically
delivered over 30-90 days; residential therapeutic community programs
usually range from three months to one year; outpatient, abstinence
oriented counseling programs range from 30 to 120 days”
United Nations Drug Abuse Publication
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/report_2002-11-30_1.pdf
==============================================================
Am Journal Psychiatry. 1979 Nov;136(11):1449-53.
The relation of time spent in drug abuse treatment to posttreatment
outcome.
Simpson DD.
“The author examined follow-up outcomes in the first year after
treatment in relation to time spent in treatment in the Drug Abuse
Reporting Program. Follow-up interviews were completed with more than
3,000 people admitted to drug abuse treatment during 1969--1972,
including clients treated with methadone maintenance, therapeutic
communities, outpatient drug-free programs, and outpatient
detoxification, as well as a group who completed intake procedures but
did not return for treatment.”
“Longer time in treatment was related to better posttreatment outcome,
but clients who spent less than 3 months in treatment were not
significantly different from the detoxification-only group or the
intake-only group.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=495799&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Md Med J. 1994 Jan;43(1):51-7
The nature and status of drug abuse treatment.
Nurco DN, Kinlock TW, Hanlon TE.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore.
“Longer time in treatment, pretreatment employment, and lack of
pretreatment criminality are generally associated with favorable
outcome regardless of modality.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8183085&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Med Law. 1997;16(3):607-20.
Outcomes of regular vs. extended alcohol/drug outpatient treatment: I.
Relapse, aftercare, and treatment re-entry.
Kamara SG, Van Der Hyde VA.
“Alcohol and drug patients were randomized into two groups, one
receiving three months and the other six months of outpatient
treatment to determine differences in treatment outcomes.”
(..)
“There were no major differences in reported subsequent alcohol/drug
use, or attendance to aftercare, Alcohol Anonymous (AA) and support
groups during the 3 and 6 months follow-up surveys. More controls
re-entered treatment than experimentals at 3 months post-treatment,
but there was no such difference at 6 months post-treatment.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9409140&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Volume 17, Number 2 (May 2002)
Success in drug treatment is directly associated with the length of
time spent in treatment:
“The more time in treatment, the better the outcome. Science-based
drug treatments are equally effective for men and women, but women
often spend less time than men in treatment.”
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_notes/NNVol17N2/DirRepVol17N2.html
==============================================================
The Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
is an Agency of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
provides a helpful fact sheet.
“An analysis of the Veterans Affairs inpatient alcohol treatment
system found that 28-day programs had modestly better outcomes than
21-day programs (78% success versus 75% success; defined as no
readmission to treatment within 6 months), but costs were up to
one-third higher.”
SAMHSA - Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/SAMHDA/NTIES/NTIES-PDF/SHEETS/141_cost_effectiveness.pdf
==============================================================
Addiction
Volume 92 Issue 11 Page 1467 - November 1997
Planned duration of residential drug abuse treatment: efficacy versus
effectiveness
Jane Mccusker, Carol Bigelow, Maureen Vickers-Lahti, Diane Spotts,
Frances Garfield, Ray Frost
Findings:
“Five hundred and thirty-nine clients (86%) completed a follow-up
interview at least 16.5 months after admission. In the relapse
prevention trial, benefits of the 6-month program were generally
limited to those who stayed at least 40 days. In the therapeutic
community trial, among those who stayed at least 171 days, the
12-month program had a beneficial effect on employment. Otherwise,
there were inconsistent differences between the 6- and 12-month
programs.”
Conclusions:
“Treatment at least 80 days benefited from continuing in treatment for
up to 6 months, but not beyond. Conversely, those admitted to programs
of longer planned duration who dropped out of treatment early had
worse outcomes than those who dropped out of shorter programs. Thus,
although longer planned duration of treatment may be efficacious, it
is not effective.”
Blackwell Synergy Publications
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0965-2140&date=1997&volume=92&issue=11&spage=1467
==============================================================
Nemes et al. (1999) compared two therapeutic community programs that
differed in the amount of time that clients spent in the inpatient and
outpatient components of the program.
“Clients who completed the entire program had substantial reductions
in drug misuse and crime. The results had a number of implications.
First, completing the entire treatment regimen produced a bigger
effect on outcomes than duration of inpatient treatment. Second, the
inpatient phase was not effective in itself, but had to be followed by
an outpatient phase. Third, the type of program attended and the
length of time spent in a particular phase of the treatment regimen
did not influence outcomes. The authors concluded that a 12-month
course of treatment including at least six months in a therapeutic
community followed by outpatient treatment can produce marked
reductions in drug misuse and crime among clients who complete both
phases.”
Scotland Executive Publications
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/health/isrem-09.asp
==============================================================
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981 Aug;38(8):875-80
Treatment for drug abuse: Follow-up outcomes and length of time spent.
Simpson DD.
“A sample of 1,496 persons admitted to 26 community treatment agencies
participating in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) during 1972
and 1973 were located and interviewed in 1978 and 1979. (..)Follow-up
outcome for persons who spent less than three months in treatment was
least favorable, and was not significantly different from that of
persons in outpatient detoxification programs or who were admitted but
not treated (intake-only). Persons who completed treatment generally
stayed in treatment longer, as expected; they also had a more
favorable outcome after DARP treatment than did others.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7259424&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Journal Substance Abuse Treatment 1999 Dec;17(4):339-47
Comparing the impact of standard and abbreviated treatment in a
therapeutic community. Findings from the district of Columbia
treatment initiative experiment.
Nemes S, Wish ED, Messina N.
“This study examines the efficacy of providing Enhanced Abbreviated or
Standard Inpatient treatment and Outpatient treatment to drug-abusing
clients. (..) A 12-month course of treatment including at least 6
months in a therapeutic community followed by outpatient treatment can
produce marked reductions in drug abuse and crime among persons who
complete both phases.”
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed indexed for MEDLINE
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10587936&dopt=Abstract
==============================================================
Search Criteria:
Inpatient outpatient detox programs study OR studies OR comparison
Compared outpatient with inpatient detoxification study OR studies
Inpatient versus outpatient detoxification
inpatient outpatient settings
Inpatient outpatient settings detoxification outcome OR outcomes
Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness settings
Duration of drug treatment programs outcome
Detoxification length of stay study
Detoxification Treatment setting study
Inpatient compared with outpatient for alcohol treatment
Inpatient treatment versus outpatient treatment effectiveness
Substance abuse treatment +duration
Substance abuse treatment time spent
I hope my research helps you make an informed decision about how to
proceed. If anything is unclear or if a link does not function please
let me know and I'll be glad to offer further assistance.
Best Regards,
Bobbie7-ga |
