Years ago, when taking a history course, I came across an old Latin
phrase that I can't recall. I think it was pretty well know, but I'm
not positive. It literally meant something like "You can't roll the
dice twice." It referred to the fact, religiously, that your life is
set once you are born and you cannot change that. Does anyone know of
this phrase? Thanks.

I believe you are remembering 'alea jacta est', which means 'the die
is cast'.

The Latin is sometimes rendered as 'jacta alea est', and 'jacta' can
be spelled as 'iacta.'

"The die is cast... does NOT mean 'The metal template has been
molded.' It's what Julius Caesar said on crossing the river Rubicon to
invade Italy in 49 B.C. The 'die' is a gambling die, and 'cast' means
thrown. The phrase means 'An irrevocable decision has been made.' (The
Latin words, 'Jacta alea est', are given in Suetonius' Divus Julius,
XXXII. Alea denotes the *game* of dice, rather than the physical die:
the dice game is in its thrown state. 'The die is cast' and 'the dice
are cast' would be equally good translations. Compare 'Les jeux sont
faits', heard at Monte Carlo.)"

The alt.usage.english Home Page
http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxthedie.html

Google search strategy:

Google Web Search: "the die is cast" alea jacta OR iacta est
://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22the+die+is+cast%22+alea+jacta+OR+iacta+est

If this is not the phrase you're seeking, please request clarification
so that I may resume the quest; I'll be glad to offer further
assistance before you rate my answer.

Best regards,
pinkfreud

Thank you very much!! Answer was extremely thorough for the given price. A+