Hi taitertot!!
I found a text entitled "WHY THE UNITED STATES Won THE
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR 1899-1902", this text answers your question
completely and give a lot of more info related, I strongly recommend
you to read this document:
http://richip.dhs.org/~sachac/notebook/school/2002-sem1/hi166/history-r.txt
You can read in this text the following:
"One important reason for the American victory was Aguinaldo's inept
leadership. Filipino historians have criticized him, correctly, for
his opportunism, his lack of scruples, his hunger for wealth and
power; but perhaps his greatest failings were as a military
commander. Aguinaldo's choice of tactics virtually guaranteed
defeat. After losing to the Spaniards in a conventional war during the
period August 1896-November 1897, Aguinaldo decided to adopt
essentially the same approach in his struggle against the
Americans. The result was predictable. Confronted with a
better-trained, better-supplied army, he and his forces suffered a
virtually unbroken series of defeats. Only in November 1899, after his
crack units had been decimated, did Aguinaldo decide to adopt
guerrilla tactics."
The filipino commanders was not professional soldiers, for example the
principal field commander of the Filipino Army, Antonio Luna, was a
pharmacist who read books on military tactics, but he had never served
in the field.
In April 1899 Luna recognized that fighting a conventional war wasnīt
a good idea, and he then advocated a change to guerrilla tactics. At
this time Aguinaldo had become convinced that Luna intended to seize
power. On June 5, 1899, believing that Luna was planning a coup,
Aguinaldo's men killed him. With Luna gone, there was no immediate
change to guerrilla tactics.
Veltisezar B. Bautista wrote at 'The Filipino Americans (From 1763 to
the Present): Their History, Culture, & Traditions.' the following:
"The killing of Luna was a big blow to the cause of the
Filipinos...After Luna’s death, Aguinaldo ordered all chiefs of
brigades under Luna arrested. He also ordered the disarming of two
companies suspected of being pro-Luna. Such acts, especially the
slaying of Luna, led to the demoralization of the army, as he had had
a wide following."
Another proof of Aguinaldo's military incompetence is the fact that he
didnīt use the rainy season, four months without fights, to reorganize
his conventional army into a guerrilla force.
"Aguinaldo feared that if he split his army into guerrilla units he
would lose
control of it, and his leadership would be challenged by other
commanders. In any case, when the Americans resumed the offensive in
mid-October, the Filipinos continued to fight set-piece battles and
continued to lose. A month later, when Aguinaldo finally opted for
guerrilla tactics, he did so largely because his conventional forces
no longer existed."
Another reason for the US victory was that Aguinaldo and his army
received
lukewarm support from the Filipino masses. This was a consequence of
the program adopted by Aguinaldo who prefered pursue policies oriented
to be favourable to his own social class, the Cavite's economic elite,
instead of introduce programs to gain the favour of the masses.
The war ended when Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan on March 23,
1901, by a force of Philippine Scouts loyal to the United States
commanded by Col. Frederick Funston. Convinced of the futility of
further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and
issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their
arms.
Note: The paragrphs between quotes was taken from "WHY THE UNITED
STATES Won THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR 1899-1902":
http://richip.dhs.org/~sachac/notebook/school/2002-sem1/hi166/history-r.txt
You can also find more info about this war and about General Aguinaldo
and General Luna at the following pages:
"The Philippine American War. Other Happenings.": here you can read
how General Luna was assassinated.
http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/filam5.html
"Philippine-American War 1899-1902":
http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/papa/philippines1899.htm
"Chronology of Significant Events Relating to the Career of Emilio
Aguinaldo with Respect to the Various Imperialist and Anti-Imperialist
Campaigns in the Philippines":
http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~randolf/aguichron.htm
"The Philippine-American War Documents":
http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/philam-documents.html
Search strategy:
Keywords:
general Luna philippine
"Philippine American War" aguinaldo luna
aguinaldo decisions war
Search engine:
www.google.com
I hope this helps you. If you need a clarification, please ask for it
by posting a request of an answer clarification.
Best regards.
livioflores-ga |
Clarification of Answer by
livioflores-ga
on
19 Sep 2003 08:08 PDT
Hi taitertot!!
Thank you for the good rating, I am glad to know that my answer was a
useful tool for you.
After research for your request I found that the text entitled "WHY
THE UNITED STATES Won THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR 1899-1902" was
written by Glenn May for the Pacific Historical Review, and appeared
in the volume 52 published in Nov. 1983, pp. 353-77. So I take the
opportunity to add this to the sources credits here:
The main source and the paragraphs written between quotes in the
answer was from "WHY THE UNITED STATES Won THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
1899-1902" by Glenn May, Pacific Historical Review, vol. 52, Nov.
1983.
The Pacific Historical Review is the official Journal of the Pacific
Coast Branch of the American Historical Association:
http://www.ucpress.edu/journals/phr/
You can see this review in a good library, I guess, or you can
purchase it in the following page, just go to the Purchase single
copies section and look for the volume 52, number 4, November 1983:
http://www.ucpress.edu/journals/phr/shop.htm
In order to confirm the item to purchase or to see in a library, I
send an e-mail to the editors, and I am waiting for a reply; when i
have it confirmed I will post here the answer.
Best regards.
livioflores-ga
|
,
0 Comments
)