Hi Healthresultsgroup!
According to Cicero, each speech ought to have six parts. The six
parts of the oration or discourse are Exordium, Narratio, Partitio,
Confirmatio, Reprehensio and Peroratio.
Below I am providing short excerpts and links to websites with
descriptions of this idea and the individual steps.
Six Parts
Exordium: prepares hearer
Narration: explain facts of case
Partition: list what is to be disputed or proven
Confirmation: make case by argument
Refutation: respond to opponent's arguments
Conclusion (peroration): sum up, arouse indignation and pity
University of Texas: Ancient Rome
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/rhetoric.htm
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De Inventione ? Cicero
Translated by C. D. Yonge
?But it must invariably happen that there will be the same number of
questions, and arguments, and examinations, and evidences employed in
a cause, as there are statements of the case or divisions of such
statements. When all these things are found in a cause, then at length
each separate division of the whole cause must be considered. For it
does not seem that those points are necessarily to be first noticed,
which have been the first stated; because you must often deduce those
arguments which are stated first, at least if you wish them to be
exceedingly coherent with one another and to be consistent with the
cause, from those arguments which are to be stated subsequently.?
(..)
?And these portions appear to us to be in all six; the exordium, the
relation of the fact, the division of the different circumstances and
topics, the bringing forward of evidence, the finding fault with the
action which has been done, and the peroration.?
Blackmask Online: De Inventione ? Cicero
http://www.blackmask.com/books75c/cicerodn.htm
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?According to Cicero, each speech ought to have six parts. Cicero?s
six part structure reflects the legal setting in which the speech is
delivered. There is the beginning, where you to seek to capture the
audience?s attention and good will (Exordium); next, the speaker gives
background (Narratio); third, the speaker establishes matters agreed
upon with opponents and the plan or method for tackling the ensuing
matters (Partitio); fourth, the arguments proceed (Confirmatio);
fifth, the counter arguments (Reprehensio); last the summary and
conclusion finish the oration (Peroratio).?
Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary
http://www.wls.wels.net/library/Essays/Authors/R/ReaglesRhetoric/ReaglesRhetoric.rtf
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ROMANS AND RHETORIC
?Cicero advises the rhetor to organize his discourse in six sections,
an exordium or introduction, a narratio or narration of the case, a
partitio or statement of the thesis, a confirmatio or proof of the
thesis, a reprehensio or rebuttal of opposing views, and finally a
conclusio or conclusion.?
Cicero, De inventione 1.19. In De partitione oratoria 27, Cicero
consolidates the reprehensio and confirmatio, drops the category of
partitio, and calls the conclusion peroration.
Word & World
http://www.luthersem.edu/word&world/Archives/6-4_Romans/6-4_Jewett.pdf
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Classical Theory and Criticism
?During the roughly 250 years between Aristotle's Rhetoric and
Cicero's De Inventione (c. 87 B.C.E.) ... this process is evident,
for instance, in the treatment of the parts of an oration, expanded
from Aristotle's two to six, including introduction, statement of
facts, division, proof, refutation, and conclusion (Ad Herennium
1.3.4; De Inventione 1.14.19).?
The Johns Hopkins University Press
Classical Theory and Criticism: Rhetoric
http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/classical_theory_and_criticism-_2.html
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The Six Parts of Discourse
From Rhetorica Ad Herennium
Introduction: prepare the hearer?s mind for attention.
Narration: sets forth the events that have occurred or might have occurred.
Division: makes clear what matters are agreed upon and what are
contested, and announces what points we intend to take up.
Proof: the presentation of our arguments, together with their corroboration.
Refutation: the destruction of our adversaries? arguments.
Conclusion: sums up the argument.
Mesa Community College
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~rrodrigo/arrangement/discourse.htm
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?Cicero taught a model of forensic rhetoric that divided a speech into
six parts. (..) Cicero clearly laid out his six-part division,
arguably an aspect of arrangement, in De Inventione.?
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~sandgats/prelims.html
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The Structure of the speech
A. Exordium (introduction)
B. Narration (statement of facts)
C. Partition (statement of method-preview of organization)
D. Confirmation (presentation of arguments and proofs)
E. Refutation (anticipation of counter-arguments and proofs)
F. Peroration (conclusion)
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
http://people.uncw.edu/rohlerl/rohler/Topical.htm
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Ciceronian
?Ciceronian structure prepares the audience to be as receptive as
possible to the speaker?s thesis, which is not given until the middle
of the speech, and to assent to the speaker?s conclusion or call to
action, which is reserved for the end of the speech.?
The College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/cwic/docs/so2.doc
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Cicero ?* parts? argument
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De Inventione ? Cicero
I hope you find this helpful! If anything is unclear with my answer,
please ask for clarification.
Best regards,
Bobbie7 |
