What was shakespeare's view on what happens to people before a tragedy
occurs and after a tragedy occurs.  Please use examples of his
characters in his tragedies as well as tragic-comedies.

Before this can be discussed meaningfully, we would have to know how
you're defining "tragedy." The classical meaning of the term is very
different from the current popular meaning. In Shakespeare's time, the
classical definition still prevailed: a tragedy was not just an
unfortunate thing that happened. For instance, I doubt that
Shakespeare would have seen the events of 9/11 as a tragedy, since
these horrible events were not part of an individual's fall from
greatness.

I would define tragedy as what shakespeare saw tragedy to be.