Hi! Thanks for the question.
The articles I will cite here provides the effects of malnutrition in
the community or in society as a whole. I provided small snippets from
the articles to save you time but I highly recommend that you read
them in their entirety to get a better grasp of the topic.
-------------------------------------
Social and Economic Effects;
?Whether in their mildest or most severe form, the consequences of
poor nutrition and health result in a reduction in overall well-being
and quality of life, and in the levels of development of human
potential. Malnutrition can result in productivity and economic
losses, as adults afflicted by nutritional and related disorders are
unable to work; education losses, as children are too weakened or
sickly to attend school or to learn properly; health care costs of
caring for those suffering from nutrition-related illnesses; and costs
to society of caring for those who are disabled and, in some
circumstances, their families as well.?
?Hunger and Malnutrition in the World?
http://www.feedingminds.org/info/background.htm
?The effects of hunger go beyond its terrible toll on those who suffer
from it. Hunger has substantial economic costs for individuals,
families and whole societies. Labour, often the only asset of the
poor, is devalued for the hungry. Mental and physical health is
compromised by lack of food, cutting productivity, output and the
wages that people earn. Chronically hungry people cannot accumulate
the financial or human capital which would allow them to escape
poverty. And hunger has an inter-generational dimension, with
undernourished mothers giving birth to underweight children. In
societies where hunger is widespread, economic growth, an essential
element in sustainable poverty reduction, is severely compromised.?
?Many of rural poor are small farmers who are at the edge of survival
or they are land-less people seeking to sell their labour. They depend
on agriculture for their earnings, either directly, as producers or
hired workers, or indirectly in sectors which derive their existence
from farming. Trading, transportation, processing, involving large
numbers of small entrepreneurs, are necessary for agriculture but at
the same time they depend on farming activities for their survival.?
?REDUCING POVERTY AND HUNGER: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF FINANCING FOR FOOD,
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT?
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/Y6265e/y6265e02.htm
?In a recent paper, one of the most prominent authors associated with
the new empirical growth literature, William Easterly, finds, among a
multitude of other indicators of the quality of life, that daily
calorie intake increases with per caput GDP??
?In theoretical terms, these econometric results concerning the direct
effect of nutrition on growth are easy to justify on the basis of the
substantial literature that goes back to Leibenstein (1957), Mazumdar
(1959), Mirlees (1975), Stiglitz (1976), Bliss and Stern (1978), or
Dasgupta and Ray (1984), linking better nutrition to higher labour
productivity. In terms of the ample, though sometimes controversial,
micro-econometric evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on labour
productivity, our results should also come as no surprise. A number of
papers from the 1980s all find substantial effects of nutrition on
labour productivity (for the standard surveys, see Barlow, 1979,
Martorell and Arrayave, 1984, Strauss, 1985, Srinivasan, 1992, Behrman
and Deolalikar, 1988)??
?The results should also come as no surprise in light of recent work
undertaken by the Development Research Group of the World Bank:
McCarthy, Wolf and Yu (2000) find, for a substantial number of
countries in sub-Saharan Africa, that the presence of malaria reduces
the annual growth rate of GDP per caput by 0.25 percentage points.
Thus, a disease that has an important direct effect on human welfare
also entails important efficiency losses. The results presented in the
present paper suggest that the costs associated with hunger, in terms
of lost growth, are probably significantly greater than those
associated with malaria.?
?Undernourishment and Economic Growth: The efficiency Cost of Hunger?
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X9280E/x9280e03.htm#f
--------------------------------------
Development of Children for Future Productivity of Society
?Children with previous malnutrition had IQ measures 10 to 12.5 points
less than the malnourished controls at several ages.?
?Attention deficit disorder occurred in 60% of the previously
malnourished children compared with 15% of healthy controls, and this
persisted until at least age 18 years.?
?Teachers reported that previously malnourished children had short
attention spans, poor memories, more distractibility, and exhibited
less cooperation than healthy control children.?
?Previously malnourished children had significantly lower scores on
the academic qualifying examination taken at age 11 years for
assignment to local high schools or trade schools. There was a
significant correlation between low test scores and presence of
attention deficit disorder.?
?Effects on brain development leading to cognitive impairment: a
worldwide epidemic.?
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0HVD/2_24/101414214/p3/article.jhtml?term=
?Children with previous malnutrition showed a marked and significant
shift to the left in IQ having roughly 10-12.5 points less than the
non-malnourished controls at several ages. This difference persisted
even after controlling for socioeconomic factors and conditions in the
home environment. Thus, malnutrition had an independent effect on the
outcome of these children.?
?Probably the most dramatic and persistent outcome of our study was
the increased frequency of attention deficit disorder among previously
malnourished children. We first investigated this problem by asking
teachers who had both the index and comparison children in one
classroom to describe the behavior of the children. The teachers had
no way of knowing the differences in the children's nutritional
histories. Yet it was evident that teachers could predict that history
based on the child's present behavioral pattern. Children with
histories of malnutrition had short attention spans, poor memory, were
easily distracted, less cooperative, and more restless than healthy
control children. This constellation of symptoms id generally
associated with the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder.?
?Effects of Prenatal and Childhood Malnutrition in Barbados?
http://www.bumc.bu.edu/Departments/PageMain.asp?Page=4474&DepartmentID=283
?Widespread malnutrition is a major barrier to further reduction of
maternal mortality rates. Malnourishment can also significantly lower
cognitive development and learning achievement during the preschool
and school years, and subsequently result in lower productivity.
Nutritional anemia is implicated in low physical and mental
performance.?
?"Malnutrition not only blights the lives of individuals and families,
but also reduces the returns on investment in education and acts as a
major barrier to social and economic progress," says Meera Chatterjee,
a World Bank senior social development specialist and report
co-author.?
?The Crisis of Malnutrition in India: New World Bank report addresses
food program shortcomings?
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/sar/sa.nsf/0/9c8acc61f27739468525686b0056d709?OpenDocument
?Robbed of their mental as well as physical potential, malnourished
children who live past childhood face diminished futures. They will
become adults with lower physical and intellectual abilities, lower
levels of productivity and higher levels of chronic illness and
disability, often in societies with little economic capacity for even
minimal therapeutic and rehabilitative measures.?
?At the family level, the increased costs and pressures that
malnutrition-linked disability and illness place on those who care for
them can be devastating to poor families -- especially to mothers, who
receive little or no help from strained social services in developing
countries.?
?And when the losses that occur in the microcosm of the family are
repeated millions of times at the societal level, the drain on global
development is staggering.?
?In 1990 alone, the worldwide loss of social productivity caused by
four over lapping types of malnutrition -- nutritional stunting and
wasting, iodine deficiency disorders and de ficiencies of iron and
vitamin A -- amounted to almost 46 million years of productive,
disability-free life, according to one reckoning.?
?Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are estimated to cost some countries
the equivalent of more than 5 per cent of their gross national product
in lost lives, disability and productivity. By this calculation,
Bangladesh and India forfeited a total of $18 billion in 1995?
?The Silent Emergency?
http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/silent.htm
?Malnourished children who survive childhood thus face diminished
futures as adults with compromised abilities, productivity and health.
This loss of human potential is all the more tragic in societies with
little economic capacity for therapeutic and rehabilitative measures,
and has the unfortunate effect of worsening their economic plights.?
?By one reckoning the worldwide loss of social productivity associated
with four overlapping types of malnutrition--nutritional stunting and
wasting, iodine deficiency disorders and deficiencies of iron and
vitamin A--amounted to almost 46 million years of productive,
disability-free life.?
?Malnutrition Overview?
http://www.sustaintech.org/world/
----------------------------------------
Effects on Society?s Food Production Strategies:
Beneficial Effects of Malnutrition:
?Experience with the first two of these diseases, that is, pellagra
and lathyrism, would exemplify the fact that the epidemiology of
nutrition-related diseases can be substantially influenced by changes
in pattern of food grain availability following the introduction of
new food-production policies. The market forces thus generated could
bring about major changes in dietary practices that could dramatically
alter the course of nutrition-related diseases. Though the Green
Revolution ? wherein the emphasis was all on the augmentation of
production of wheat and rice ? had resulted in substantial increase in
the per capita availability of these major cereals, production of
pulses and legumes ? which contribute to the nutrient quality of
cereal-based diets?
Additional Negative Effects:
?Intensive irrigation involved as part of the agricultural technology
following the Green Revolution has resulted in soil alkalinity and
depletion of soil micronutrients. Efforts at correcting this through
periodic soil testing and soil repletion have been tardy. Depletion of
soil iodine is part of this problem and is reflected in the diminished
content of iodine in foods and water.?
?Increased urinary thiocynate levels in endemic areas, in the fact of
seemingly adequate levels of urinary iodine excretion have raised the
possibility of excessive ingestion of goitrogens which may be expected
to interfere with the utilization of iodine by the thyroid gland. Such
goitrogens could either be of dietary origin or could be in the nature
of food contaminants in the environment. Goitrogens have been reported
from a wide range of plant foods.?
?The changing epidemiology of malnutrition in a developing society ?
The effect of unforeseen factors?
http://tejas.serc.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/nov25/articles14.htm
-----------------------------------------
Search terms used:
Malnutrition society sociological communities economics ?world bank?
effects consequences
I hope these links would help you in your research. Before rating this
answer, please ask for clarifications you have further questions or if
you would need further information.
Thanks for visiting us.
Regards,
Easterangel-ga
Google Answers Researcher |
