Hello again Sandy,
Based on your clarification, you are looking for information to help
you complete the section of your paper on the topic of how
person/client-centered psychological theory understands the role of
cultural factors in conducting therapy/counseling.
I am confident that I have found sufficient material to help you write
your paper. Rogers? Client-Centered Theory is one of the best known
therapeutic approaches and there is a lot of information available on
the web to help you gain a good understanding of how it is applied in
a variety of settings. Finding resources on ?cultural factors? is also
fairly easy as multicultural approaches in therapy and counseling and
developing and applying multicultural competencies in education and
social services have become increasingly popular in the United States.
The challenge in completing the research for your project was to find
a nexus between client-centered theory and multicultural therapy. I
discovered that the subject has been addressed in the past twenty
years and that it?s somewhat controversial. Some of the information
I?ve found insists that client-centered theory generally and Rogers
specifically do not address the importance of cultural factors in
psychotherapy. However, I also found ample resources to make the
counter claim that client-centered theory encompasses cultural factors
and therefore client-centered practitioners must be aware of cultural
issues and competent in multicultural therapy.
I?ve organized my research into specific sections to help you evaluate
what I?ve found. I?ve highlighted the main issues in each sections so
that you can easily review the various perspectives on the problem and
then draw your own conclusions.
I think you?ll be able to develop a thoughtful and effective paper
based on the research I?ve included. Please don?t hesitate to ask for
clarification if any of this is confusing.
Best wishes for getting an excellent grade on this paper and for your
future academic success.
~ czh ~
==================================================
CARL ROGERS ? BIOGRAPHY AND CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
==================================================
I assume that you have already completed a lot of research on Carl
Rogers and his client-centered theory. I?ve collected some basic
resources to help you with your paper in case you need additional
resources. This section will help you with a quick review of the
basics for your topic.
http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/rogers.html
Dr. C. George Boeree
Psychology Department
Shippensburg University
CARL ROGERS -- 1902 - 1987
Biography and Theory
***** This is an excellent summary of the basic facts of Rogers? life
and a good description of his theory.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.wynja.com/cgi-bin/bookstore.cgi?rogersf.html
Carl Rogers
***** This is a collection of Rogers resources that has links to his
books as well as several educational sites that discuss his theory.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.nrogers.com/carlrogers.html
Natalie Rogers ? Carl Rogers
***** This web page is provided by Carl Rogers? daughter, Natalie
Rogers. You can follow the links to The Carl Rogers Archives at the
University of Santa Barbara.
-------------------------------------------------
http://elvers.stjoe.udayton.edu/history/people/Rogers.html
University of Dayton
***** This is another sizable collection of Carl Rogers links.
===========================================
CLIENT / PERSON - CENTERED THEORY / THERAPY
===========================================
In this section I?ve listed resources that summarize and discuss the
elements of this theory. Client-centered theory is one of the
phenomenological or behavioral theories included under the umbrella of
humanistic therapies. It is based on the belief that human beings have
a fundamental drive toward growth based on their perceptions and
beliefs about the world. The therapeutic relationship enables the
individual to discover choices to help them achieve growth. The
therapeutic relationship must be characterized by unconditional
positive regard, empathy and congruence. The resources I?ve collected
will help you summarize these ideas as you prepare to consider how
these principles apply to the cultural characteristics of both the
client and the therapist.
http://www.stlcc.edu/fp/users/rbaldwin/_CHAPTER13OUTLINE.htm
St. Louis Community College
General Psychology: PSY 200
Robert Baldwin
Chapter 13 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders
III. PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Phenomenological or humanistic therapists see human behavior as
innately driven toward growth, guided by one's unique perceptions and
beliefs (the way people interpret the world).
A. BASIC IDEAS
Treatment is seen as a human encounter between equals, not a cure from
an expert. Clients will improve on their own. Ideal conditions in
therapy can best be established through a therapeutic relationship in
which clients are made to feel accepted and supported as human beings.
It is the client's experience of this relationship that brings
beneficial changes. Clients must remain responsible for choosing how
they will think and behave.
B. CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
1. Carl Rogers's client-centered therapy or person-centered
therapy relies on the creation of a relationship that reflects three
intertwined therapist attitudes: unconditional positive regard,
empathy, and congruence.
a. Therapists show unconditional positive regard, always treating
the client as a valued person, no matter what. The therapist listens
without interrupting, accepting and trusting the client's insights
without judgment.
b. Therapists try to see the world as the client sees it. They
try to develop empathy, an emotional understanding of what the client
might be thinking and feeling. Empathy is shown by active listening
and reflection, communicating back to the client what he or she seems
to be saying and feeling.
c. Congruence, or genuineness, refers to consistency between what
the therapist feels and the way she or he acts toward the client. The
therapist must not just say the client is accepted and valued?the
therapist must feel it.
***** This is a short basic summary of Rogers? client-centered
approach to therapy and highlights the issues that have to be
considered in association with the cultural factors affecting the
client-therapist relationship.
-------------------------------------------------
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rogers/personality.htm
Classics in the History of Psychology
Some Observations on the Organization of Personality
Carl R. Rogers (1947)
Address of the retiring President of the American Psychological
Association the September 1947 Annual Meeting.
First published in American Psychologist, 2, 358-368.
Client-centered therapy is different from other life situations
inasmuch as the therapist tends to remove from the individual's
immediate world all those aspects of the field which the individual
can reorganize except the self. The therapist, by reacting to the
client's feelings and attitudes rather than to the objects of his
feelings and attitudes, assists the client in bringing from background
into focus his own self, making it easier than ever before for the
client to perceive and react to the self. By offering only
understanding and no trace of evaluation, the therapist removes
himself as an object of attitudes, becoming only an alternate
expression of the client's self. The therapist by providing a
consistent atmosphere of permissiveness and understanding removes
whatever threat existed to prevent all perceptions of the self from
emerging into figure. Hence in this situation all the ways in which
the self has been experienced can be viewed openly, and organized into
a complex unity.
***** This article by Rogers will help you focus on his theory of how
the therapist relates to the client and why this relationship is the
foundation of the therapeutic intervention.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.psychnet-uk.com/psychotherapy/psychotherapy_client_centered.htm
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
***** This site offers a large collection of links on Client-Centered Theory.
===========================================
CARL ROGERS AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THERAPY
===========================================
In this section I?ve collected a variety of resources on Carl Rogers?
statements and views on the cultural factors in therapy. It is
important to note that Rogers died in 1987 before the blossoming of
the multicultural movement. It is important to see the historical
context for evaluating what Rogers himself said about cultural factors
and how client-centered theorists have extended the Rogers? principles
to current applications of the theory.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rogers/therapy.htm
Classics in the History of Psychology
Significant Aspects of Client-Centered Therapy [1]
Carl R. Rogers (1946)
University of Chicago
First published in American Psychologist, 1, 415-422
This approach has also, we believe, deep implications for the handling
of social and group conflicts, as I have pointed out in another paper
(9). Our work in applying a client-centered viewpoint to group therapy
situations, while still in its early stages, leads us to feel that a
significant clue to the constructive solution of interpersonal and
intercultural frictions in the group may be in our hands. Application
of these procedures to staff groups, to inter-racial groups, to groups
with personal problems and tensions, is under way.
***** Look for Rogers? views about cultural factors near the end of the article.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.sageofasheville.com/pub_downloads/THE_PHILOSOPHY_AND_PRACTICE_OF_CLIENT_CENTERED_THERAPY.pdf
THE PHILOSOPHY AND PRACTICE OF CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY WITH OLDER
PERSONS: AN INTERVIEW WITH C.H. PATTERSON
The Person-Centered Journal, 1994, 12(2) , 49-53
***** This interview discusses the issues of multicultural counseling
and whether they are appropriately applied in person-centered
counseling. Patterson believes that Rogers? theory is universally
applicable although he acknowledges that sometimes it may be difficult
for the therapist to fully identify with the client?s cultural
situation.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.personcentered.com/dialogue.htm
Person-Centered International -- FORTY YEARS OF DIALOGUE WITH THE
ROGERIAN HYPOTHESIS
Multicultural Diversity
There have been numerous critiques of Rogers? theory in relation to
cultural values and, as well, to gender perceptual stances. The
position is often taken that Rogers? values were middle class American
values and emerged from the U.S. culture which values such traits as
independence, individual resourcefulness and materialistic
accomplishments. I consider this a flawed argument that fails to
consider the essence of the theory as an organismic, natural and
universal theory. The theoretical assumption applies to all human
species and indeed, to all living organisms (and even beyond: See
Rogers, 1980). The qualities of the biological core are intrinsic to
the human nature of each individual. Denial and unawareness of the
core lead to psychological illness.
Elsewhere, I (Bozarth, 1998, 97-101). have argued that focusing on how
to do person-centered therapy is one of the more inhibiting factors to
the creation of the freeing environment for the individual. As such,
the arguments that CCT can not apply to certain other cultures are
predicated upon this way of "doing" therapy. The foundational premise
of a universal and natural force is ignored as the basic premise.
***** This article defends the appropriateness of using
client-centered therapy in all cultures.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.users.net2000.com.au/~bosco/BESC-1196_Rogers%20essay.htm
BESC 1193 Models of psychological intervention
Carl Rogers? person-centered approach to psychotherapy
Although this approach has been successfully applied within many
cultural settings (e.g. Baressi, 1999; Jin-sheng, 1997), it is
questionable if empathetic understanding is achievable in
cross-cultural therapy. I feel that unless the therapist and client
share a cultural common ground, effective empathic understanding is
going to be problematic in effective person-centered therapy.
***** This is an student essay that presents the author?s view that
empathetic understanding cannot overcome cultural barriers.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.pce-world.org/
World Association for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling
http://www.pce-world.org/journal-editorial1.12.pdf
Inaugural Special Double Issue: 100 Years On: Breadth & Developments
in the Person-Centered and Experiential Therapies
Editorial
The Person-Centered Approach to psychotherapy and counseling has
undergone dramatic changes over the past few decades.
Godfrey Barrett-Lennard offers the paper The Helping Conditions in
Their Context: Expanding change theory and practice, in which he
reminds us that the client?therapist relationship is not a closed
system. While Rogers only mentioned client ?incongruence? as an entry
variable into therapy, many more social and cultural dimensions
require attention. Indeed, these need to be taken into consideration
as active variables if we are to understand the process of therapy and
its effectiveness.
http://www.pce-world.org/idxjournal.htm
Godfrey Barrett-Lennard
The Helping Conditions in Their Context: Expanding change theory and practice
Carl Rogers? innovation grew out of an individualist psychology and
cultural mind set that saw each person?s destiny as belonging in his
or her own hands. This paper stresses the connectedness of human
lives, and views our life process and consciousness as relational in
its essence.
***** This is a recent paper that addresses current client-centered
approaches to multiculturalism. I hope that you can access it through
your university library.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/rogersexcerpt.html
Carl Rogers -- The Relation of the Organized Perceptual Field to Behavior
One simple observation, which is repeated over and over again in each
successful therapeutic case, seems to have rather deep theoretical
implications. It is that as changes occur in the perception of self
and in the perception of reality, changes occur in behavior. In
therapy, these perceptual changes are more often concerned with the
self than with the external world. Hence we find in therapy that as
the perception of self alters, behavior alters. Perhaps an
illustration will indicate the type of observation upon which this
statement is based.
In view of these observations a second hypothesis may be stated, which
is closely related to the first. It is that behavior is not directly
influenced or determined by organic or cultural factors, but primarily
(and perhaps only), by the perception of these elements. In other
words the crucial element in the determination of behavior is the
perceptual field of the individual. While this perceptual field is, to
be sure, deeply influenced and largely shaped by cultural and
physiological forces, it is nevertheless important that it appears to
be only the field as it is perceived, which exercises a specific
determining influence upon behavior.
-------------------------------------------------
http://personcentered.com/index.htm
Person-Centered International
Person-Centered International is a multi-faceted network organization
dedicated to the promotion and application of person-centered
principles. Members are dedicated to research, education, clinical
application, and societal influence of the principles and philosophy
hypothesized by Carl R. Rogers.
http://www.personcentered.com/communitygroup.html
The Large Community Group
The community group evolved with Rogers? expanding interests. Rogers
more expanded interests and efforts evolved from his interest in
individual psychotherapy (1940?s & 1950?s) to the Basic Encounter
Group (the term applied to client-centered encounter groups; 1960?s;
see Chapter 17) of eight to ten individuals. The term person-centered
crystallized in the 1970?s to denote the application of the principles
of client-centered therapy to areas other than psychotherapy. Rogers
and his colleagues started to experiment with the concept of large
community groups of fifty to three-hundred or more individuals
(Rogers, 1977). This experiment increasingly involved more and more
individuals from different cultures and eventually led to an emphasis
on cross-cultural groups often represented by twenty or more
nationalities. The work of Chuck Devonshire (1991) in developing
client-centered training programs in Europe added to the focus on
cross-cultural groups. Eventually, the cross-cultural groups provided
Rogers with a foundation in which to attempt workshops focusing on
client-centered principles for societal change.
======================================================
CULTURAL FACTORS IN THERAPY ? MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
======================================================
In this section I?ve collected a variety of resources dealing with
cultural factors and multicultural competencies in not just
client-centered theory but also in other social science and
educational fields. You can evaluate a variety of approaches on how
cultural issues affect the client/therapist relationship and draw your
own conclusions on how these can be applied to the fundamental
requirements of unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0534345581/002-4446472-1654415?v=glance
Culture and Mental Illness: A Client-Centered Approach
Authors: Richard J. Castillo
***** You can read the Introduction and Chapter 1 online to get a good
orientation to the issues involved in recognizing the multicultural
aspects of client-centered therapy.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.alaska.net/~fken/Multiculture.htm
Multicultural Counseling
F. Kenneth Freedman
...on the politics and pitfalls of multicultural counseling
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/90-277-1362-6
Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy
Anthony J. Marsella
Dept. of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
G.M. White
Book Series: CULTURE, ILLNESS AND HEALING : Volume 4
***** Several other volumes in this series may also give you insights
on the cultural issues in mental health.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/wolfgang.html
CULTURAL FACTORS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Wolfgang G. JILEK, M.D.,M.Sc.,M.A.,Dipl.Psych.,FRCP(C)
Clinical Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Past Chairman, Transcultural Psychiatry Section, World Psychiatric Association
Paper presented at the 26th Congress of the World Federation for
Mental Health, July 2001.
***** This paper presents a good introduction to transcultural issues
in psychotherapy.
-------------------------------------------------
http://personal.bgsu.edu/71/bheinz/Pages/COMS657/657Cynthia.html
Coms 657: Intercultural Communication (4)
Bettina Heinz, Ph.D., Bowling Green State University, Ohio
Posted 1 December 2002
Intercultural Sensitivity & Empathy
November 14, 2002 COMS 657
Presentation by Cynthia Hsin-I Cheng
Presentation Content
Intercultural Sensitivity
What is it?
Chen & Starosta?s (1996) explanation
Bennett?s (1993) Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Empathy
Mullavey-O?Byrne?s (1994) explanation
Rogers? concept
Questions and Comments
***** This is an interesting outline of the issues involved with
multicultural communication as applied to client-centered counseling.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.apa.org/videos/4310471.html
CULTURE-CENTERED COUNSELING
with Paul B. Pedersen, PhD
Synopsis of Therapy Approach
The "culture-centered" approach to counseling and therapy assumes that
cultural factors complicate counseling but in a positive way and that
behaviors have no meaning until they are understood in the cultural
context where those behaviors have been learned and are displayed.
The goals of culture-centered therapy are (a) to establish an accurate
awareness of how the therapist is culturally similar and at the same
time culturally different from the client; (b) to gather the relevant
facts, information, and meaningful knowledge to comprehend priorities
in the client's cultural context; and (c) to demonstrate culturally
appropriate skills for helping the client change or examine culturally
learned behaviors and perspectives. This three-stage developmental
sequence guides the therapist toward higher levels of multicultural
competence in therapy.
***** This synopsis of the video training session on culture-centered
counseling will give you some concrete examples of how these
techniques might be applied to client-centered therapy.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0825/1_66/61424232/p1/article.jhtml
Stress and Grief Reactions Among Rehabilitation Professionals: Dealing
Effectively with Empathy Fatigue.
Journal of Rehabilitation, Jan-March, 2000, by Mark A. Stebnicki
As Rogers (1980) emphasizes, "the ideal therapist is, first of all,
empathic" (p. 146). Empathy as a "way of being" is the foundation for
establishing and building the working alliance within client-center
models of counseling and is necessary for working with the
psychosocial aspects of adjustment and adaptation to disability.
Empathy fatigue transcends the experience of professional burnout. The
experience of burnout emerges gradually within the individual and
results in cumulative emotional and physical exhaustion. Compassion
fatigue (Figley, 1995) or empathy fatigue, as described here, can
emerge suddenly with little warning as an unhealthy form of
countertransference or STS.
A Framework for Understanding Empathy Fatigue
Cultural and social factors (e.g., gender, ethnicity, cultural
differences) have an impact on how emotions are expressed. These
factors influence the way in which counselors respond emotionally to
their work. Thus, knowledge of the client's cultural and social norms
for expressing emotion is critical in working with persons who are
culturally different.
Cultural Empathy
The multicultural counseling literature addresses the relevance of
client-centered models of counseling using empathy as a therapeutic
approach. This literature suggests that cultural and social factors
have an impact on how emotions are expressed and perceived. These
factors also influence the way in which counselors respond
empathically to their clients. By the very nature and use of empathy
in client-centered interactions, the focus should be on the
individual's frame of reference (Freeman, 1993), thus allowing an
opportunity for the counselor's cultural values not to be imposed
which may hinder the working alliance.
Empathy Fatigue Risk-Factor Functional Assessment
G. Social-Cultural Factors
1. Does the person have different values or beliefs that are not
consistent with either their client's or the organization?
2. Does the person have knowledge of their client's cultural and
social norms for expressing emotion?
----------------------------------------
Contextual And Multicultural Issues And The Core Conditions
Marge Witty and Ingrid R Ehrbar L4 Max 30
More and more in psychology recently it is considered important to
account for cultural diversity and contextual factors in treatment. I
will be taking a look at this issue in relation to client-centered
therapy. Specifically, I will be revisiting the three core conditions
of client centered therapy (congruence, unconditional positive regard,
and empathic understanding) and how they relate to contextual factors
such as cultural diversity. I believe that looking at the core
conditions in a somewhat broader way than is often done will show that
client centered therapy does offer a way to take into account
contextual and cultural factors.
A questioner asking "How does client-centered therapy address
contextual factors and multicultural issues?" and receiving the answer
"There is no need to do anything differently to take those factors
into account because client-centered therapy treats each client as an
individual" is likely to experience similar frustration. Thus I think
it will be helpful to look at this issue more closely.
---------------------------------------------------------
http://college.hmco.com/psychology/bernstein/psychology/6e/students/chapter_outlines/ch16.html
Psychology, Sixth Edition
Douglas A. Bernstein - University of South Florida and University of Surrey
Louis A. Penner - University of South Florida
Alison Clarke-Stewart - University of California, Irvine
Edward J. Roy - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Chapter Outlines
Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Client-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers's client-centered, or person-centered, therapy is based on
creating a relationship characterized by unconditional positive
regard, empathy, and congruence.
Unconditional Positive Regard. The therapist must show that he or she
genuinely cares about and accepts the client as a person and trusts
the client's ability to change.
Empathy. The therapist must appreciate how the world looks from the
client's point of view. Empathy is communicated through a technique
called reflection.
Congruence. The way the therapist feels is consistent with the way he
or she acts toward the client. The therapist's unconditional positive
regard and empathy are real, not manufactured.
D -- Cultural Factors in Psychotherapy
Cultural differences may lead a client and therapist to have different
expectations and goals about the outcome of therapy and the approach
and methods used. Currently, psychologists are working to align
cultural influence and choice of a specific treatment. Also, mental
health training programs are trying to recruit more students from
varying cultures, and clinicians are being trained to recognize and
understand cultural differences in verbal and nonverbal communication.
----------------------------------------------------------
http://bss.sfsu.edu/naff/PA748/bonder.htm
Generations, Spring2001, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p35, 8p
ACHIEVING CULTURAL COMPETENCE: THE CHALLENGE FOR CLIENTS AND
HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Increasingly, healthcare practitioners are recognizing the importance
of culture in their interactions with clients and colleagues. As the
United States population becomes more diverse, practitioners face
situations in which their clients' cultural backgrounds are clearly
different from their own. Skills that enhance care providers'
abilities to recognize different cultural values, beliefs, and
practices and to address these factors in intervention are likely to
lead to more successful treatment outcomes. Further, profes-sional
groups are placing greater value on such skills not only because their
client populations are more diverse, but also because a more diverse
group of individuals is joining the ranks of healthcare professions
(Harris, 2000; Hagland, 1993; Le: Postallec, 1999; Pruegger and
Rogers, 1994; Sleek, 1998).
HOW TO BE CULTURALLY COMPETENT?
Because culture is so central to existence, practitioners must be
culturally competent to respond adequately to the needs of each
client. They must have the skills required to gather culturally
influenced information, interpret it within the context of the
individual's situation, and incorporate it into intervention planning
and implementation.
As with culture, it is difficult to define "cultural competence." What
do you have to know to be culturally competent? What do you have to
do? There are multiple definitions of cultural competence and catalogs
of the skills required to achieve it.
MAIN APPROACHES
Two main approaches have predominated in recent efforts to promote
cultural knowledge and competency for healthcare providers. First is
the fact-centered approach, which provides information about the
health beliefs and behaviors of particular ethnic groups.
A second approach to culture is attitude-centered, emphasizing the
importance of valuing all cultures.
As an alternative, clinicians can benefit from a third method, an
ethnographic approach to cultural competence (Bonder, Martin, and
Miracle, in press; Johnson, Hardt, and Kleinman, 1995). This approach
offers a practical strategy, of "learning how to ask" (Briggs, 1986),
based on anthropological methods for gathering cultural information.
The focus of this approach is on inquiry, reflection and analysis, and
evaluation and assessment, practices engaged in throughout treatment.
The approach rests on the notion that culture is but one of the
factors that define any individual's moment-by-moment perspective on a
situation or event. Clinicians as well as clients constantly perceive
interaction--and its topic, the illness or deviation from
well-being--from this point of view.
***** Good article on cultural competence.
-------------------------------------------
http://www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed357316.html
Multicultural Counseling. ERIC Digest
ERIC Identifier: ED357316
Publication Date: 1993-00-00
Author: Locke, Don C.
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services Ann Arbor MI.
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed279995.html
Issues in Multicultural Counseling. Highlights: An ERIC/CAPS Digest.
ERIC Identifier: ED279995
Publication Date: 1987-00-00
Author: Bolton-Brownlee, Ann
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services Ann Arbor MI.
TEXT: OVERVIEW
Traditionally, the United States has been defined as a melting pot in
which various cultures are assimilated and blended as immigrants mold
their beliefs and behavior to the dominant white culture. The melting
pot image has given way to a more pluralistic ideal in which
immigrants maintain their cultural identity while learning to function
in the society. Not only are immigrants still flocking to America from
Cuba, Haiti, Vietnam, Guatemala, El Salvador, and other countries
(LaFromboise, 1985), but minorities already living in the United
States have asserted their right to have equal access to counseling
(Arcinega and Newlou, 1981). This diversity creates three major
difficulties for multicultural counseling: the counselor's own
culture, attitudes, and theoretical perspective; the client's culture;
and the multiplicity of variables comprising an individual's identity
(Pedersen, 1986).
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.ablongman.com/catalog/academic/course/0,4095,71952,00.html
Multicultural Counseling
***** Selection of books
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.sagepub.com/book.aspx?pid=4802
Handbook of Multicultural Counseling
Paperback : 0761919848
List Price: $64.95
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc
Pub Date: 04/2001
Pages: 944
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.emicrotraining.com
Microtraining Associates
Multicultural Development
-------------------------------------------------
http://topics.practical.org/browse/Derald_Wing_Sue
Derald Wing Sue
***** Books and resources
-------------------------------------------------
http://www.sfsu.edu/~multsowk/search.htm
Muliticulturalism and Social Work
***** This site provides a large library of materials for examining
the cultural factors in counseling and therapy.
-------------------------------------------------
http://personal.bgsu.edu/71/bheinz/Pages/COMS657/657Links.html
bettina heinz, ph.d.
bowling green state university
intercultural communication web links
***** This is a comprehensive list of links that will help you explore
the multicultural issues involved in empathetic communication.
===============
SEARCH STRATEGY
===============
cultural factors client-centered therapy
cultural factors person centered therapy
carl rogers
multicultural counseling
multicultural therapy
multicultural client-centered
multicultural person centered therapy |
