Hello, noche-ga!
You have asked two questions about extremely broad topics. I have
spent all day researching these issues because it is a subject which
interests me greatly. Unfortunately, the depth to which these
questions can be researched goes much farther than the price of your
question dictates. Therefore, I have tried to provide an overview of
the topics for you. If you would like to pursue these questions in
more detail, please consider asking another question so I can spend
more time.
The history of Spanish and Asian language media in the United States
is found primarily through news articles which, when viewed over a
period of time, represent the growing desire and support for ethnic
representation. There is far more information on Hispanic media in the
US than there is on Asian media due to the rapid growth of the
Hispanic population. It is also important to remember that Asian
Americans are divided into numerous groups, including citizens of
Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese origin to name a few!
The history of representation of both populations in the media is
such a weighty topic that I could barely scratch the surface.
Nevertheless, I have provided numerous references that should begin to
fuel the fire.
MINORITY-OWNED BROADCAST OVERVIEW
==================================
"MINORITY COMMERCIAL BROADCAST OWNERSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES." A
Report of the Minority Telecommunications Development Program,
National Telecommunications and Information Administration, United
States Department of Commerce. 1977.
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/97minority/index.html
(1977 statistics)
"This year's survey results indicate that minorities own 322 of 11,475
commercial broadcast stations, representing 2.8 percent of total
commercial ownership. Black ownership represents 1.7 percent of total
commercial stations; Hispanic ownership represents 1.05 percent of
total commercial stations; Asian ownership represents .03 percent of
total commercial stations; and Native American ownership represents
.04 percent of total commercial stations."(23)
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/97minority/findings.htm
Hispanic-Owned Broadcast Stations
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/97minority/list.htm#hispanic
Asian-American-Owned Broadcast Stations
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/97minority/list.htm#asian
===
The following article contains a small bit of information concerning
the effect of consolidation on minority-owned broadcast media:
"An Analysis of the Effects of Consolidation on the Radio Industry."
Senior Seminar & Thesis by Daniel J. Rapela. (1999)
http://mmstudio.gannon.edu/~gabriel/rapela.html
*******************************************
SPANISH-LANGUAGE MEDIA IN THE UNITED STATES
********************************************
Historical Overview
--------------------
An excellent historical overview of Spanish media in the US is
provided in the following document:
"Despierta ("Wake Up"), America!. Hispanic Media Comes of Age," by
Christopher M. Wright. Broadcast Cable Financial Management
Association (April/May 2003)
http://www.bcfm.com/financial_manager/AprMay03/Despierta.pdf
Also see "HISPANICS IN THE NEWS," by Maria Elena Salinas (June 9, 2002)
http://www.mariaesalinas.com/english/c_aeng6_09_02.htm
Some articles relating to Spanish Media from current dates and going backward
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The proposed merger between Univision and the Hispanic Broadcasting
Corp. is shaking things up, as highlighted in the following articles:
"FCC Approves Merger of Spanish Media Companies. Online Newshour. (Sept 22, 2003)
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/media_watch/july-dec03/univisionmerger_09-22-03.html
The Federal Communications Commission recently approved a $3.1 billion
merger between Univision, the nation's largest Spanish-language
television network, and the Hispanic Broadcasting Corp., the nation's
largest Spanish-language radio network. The merger will allow
"Hispanic media a better opportunity to compete against big media
companies, capturing more advertising revenue to allow it to expand
unique language and cultural offerings to its audiences."
"NATIONAL LATINO FRATERNITY OPPOSES UNIVISION-HBC SPANISH-LANGUAGE
MEDIA MERGER." (Sept. 8, 2003)
http://www.lambda1975.org/press_release_english.htm
"Broadcasters Bank on a Combination of Interests (Parties Seeking FCC
Approval of Hispanic Broadcasting Merger Are Big Donors to Bush
Campaign)," by Thomas B. Edsall and Sarah Cohen.Washington Post.
(August 10, 2003)
http://spanish.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp%2Ddyn/articles/A41905%2D2003Aug10.html
"Democrats Fight Hispanic Media Merger (Republican Ownership Could
Limit Access to Viewpoints, Groups Tell FCC)," by Juliet Eilperin.
Washington Post (May 25, 2003)
http://spanish.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp%2Ddyn/articles/A41905%2D2003Aug10.html
"A controversial merger ignites the diversity-of-voices issue," by
ALISON GREGOR. Columbia Journalism Review. (2003)
http://www.cjr.org/issues/2003/5/voice-gregor.asp
==
Further articles:
"The Spanish Media Initiative - A Project of Advocates for Youth."
http://www.themediaproject.com/about/spanish.htm
Highlights the need for more educational Spanish-language television,
especially for youth.
"Spanish-language media gain strength in U.S.," by Frank Ahrens and
Krissah Williams. Washington Post (August 11, 2003)
http://spanish.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp%2Ddyn/articles/A41905%2D2003Aug10.html
"U.S. Spanish Newspaper Group Formed," by Ben Berkowitz. Reuters. (Jan
15, 2003) http://biz.yahoo.com/rb/040115/media_spanishpapers_1.html
La Opinion, the leading Spanish-language daily newspaper in Los
Angeles, and El Diario/La Prensa, its leading New York counterpart,
recently announced that they will merge to form "the first nationwide
Spanish-language newspaper company in the United States." The new
company, Impremedia LLC, will buy existing papers or consider starting
new papers in growing Spanish-speaking areas. "La Opinion has a
readership of 427,800 daily readers in Southern California, while El
Diario/La Prensa has a readership of 297,500 in the New York
metropolitan area."
"Hispanic Media Soars," by Penelope Patsuris. Forbes.com (June 2002)
http://www.forbes.com/2002/06/12/0612univision.html
This article mentions the increase in the Spanish language audience as
ad spending increases.
"Hispanic Kids' TV: Stay Tuned," by Virginia Citrano. Forbes.com (April 2002)
http://www.forbes.com/2002/04/15/0415hispanictv.html
"Broadcasting En Espanol," by Dirk Smillie. Forbes.com (March 2002.)
http://www.forbes.com/2002/03/25/0325sf.html
"La Raza boosts local Spanish media market," by Eric Billingsley. New
Mexico Business Weekly (February 22, 2002)
http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2002/02/25/story4.html
Highlights the formation of a newspaper to target New Mexico's
immigrant population.
"Will NBC-Telemundo Deal Spur Consolidation?" by Lisa DiCarlo.
Forbes.com (Oct. 2001)
http://www.forbes.com/2001/10/12/1012telemundo.html
"Viva la television!" by Kerry A. Dolan. Forbes.com (Oct 1, 2001)
http://www.forbes.com/global/2001/1001/039.html
"The U.S. Hispanic/Latino Market: Niche or Necessity?" by Seana
Mulcahy. Internet.com (April 2002)
http://www.clickz.com/media/agency_strat/article.php/1001241
==
"La Prensa founder to be inducted into Hispanic Media 100." San
Antonio Business Journal. July 13, 2001.
http://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/stories/2001/07/09/daily32.html
A bit about Ignacio Lozano, founder of the Spanish language newspaper,
La Presna, in 1913, and La Opinion in 1926.
Read the Company Overview of Hispanic PR Wire:
http://www.hispanicprwire.com/co_info.html
"Tribune Publishing Names Louis Sito Vice President/Hispanic Media."
Newsday.com (Feb. 2003)
http://www.newsday.com/about/ny-pr020303a,0,5766565.story
"Strong growth for Hispanic magazines in the US." FIPP Magazine World.
http://www.fipp.com/1204
About the Hispanic Broadcasting Association
http://www.hispanicbroadcasting.com/default.asp
Historical Timeline:
http://www.hispanicbroadcasting.com/overview_timeline.htm
=
For an overview in television viewing trends of the Hispanic American
audience, see the following figures compiled by Nielson Media
Research:
"Hispanic-American Television Audience." Neilson Media Research
http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-american/indexHisp.html
Allied Media provides an extensive listing of Hispanic Publications in
the United States on their website:
http://www.allied-media.com/Publications/hispanic-publications.htm
"Since 1990, Hispanic newspapers have grown from 355 to 550, Hispanic
magazines grew from 177 to 352."
************
ASIAN MEDIA
************
For an excellent overview of Asian Media in the United States by
population group, including Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese,
and Korean, see:
"The Asian-American Market."
http://www.sia.com/diversity_resource_guide/pdf/Asian.pdf
=
For an interesting article concerning the demand for and emergence of
the first Asian-themed television network, see:
"WorldAsia Television to Become Nation's first English-Language, Asian
Themed Network." WorldAsia. (Dec. 2003)
http://www.worldasia.com/watv/index_html
"With an emerging critical mass of interest in all things Asian -
from yoga to Feng Shui, holistic health to martial arts, Japanese
anime to stars of Asian heritage - WorldAsia Television (WA-TV) will
be launched in mid 2004. The first U.S. network to offer
English-language, Asian-themed programming from a new perspective,
WA-TV is aimed at mainstream audiences interested in Pan-Asian
entertainment and lifestyle, including 14 million Asian Americans."
=
About the Asia Pacific Media Network:
http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/overview.asp
"Founded in 1998 in Los Angeles, the Asia Pacific Media Network (APMN)
is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, nonideological institution. Its U.S.
administrative center resides on the campus of UCLA - the University
of California, Los Angeles. It reaches out across the Pacific to
create a new Asia-Pacific institution targeted at media professionals,
government public-information officials and business executives
involved in public information. The Network aspires to be an
Asia-Pacific regional institution with co-equal partners throughout
the region."
About the Asian American Journalist's Association:
http://www.aaja.org/html/aboutus_html/aboutus.html
"The Asian American Journalists Association (AAJA) was founded in 1981
by a few Asian American journalists who felt a need to support one
another and to encourage more Asian Americans to pursue journalism at
a time when there were few Asian American faces in the media. AAJA
owes its founding to the vision of a small group of Los Angeles
journalists."
About Asian Cinevision:
http://www.asiancinevision.org/aboutus.html
Founded in 1976.
"Asian CineVision is a nonprofit media arts organization dedicated to
promoting and preserving Asian and Asian American media expressions
by:
* Helping to develop and support both emerging and experienced Asian
American film and video makers and other media artists working in a
range of genres and styles; and
* Helping to ensure that the full spectrum of Asian and Asian Amen can
media works reach diverse audiences in Asian American communities and
beyond.
For a historic timeline of the Chinese Yellow Pages, see
http://www.cypn.com/english/company.html
=
Allied Media provides a good list of "Indian American-South Asian
Publications" on their website with a description of each:
http://www.allied-media.com/Publications/indian_newspapers_US.htm
For a listing of South Asian radio stations in the United States, see
the following list from Allied Media:
http://www.allied-media.com/ETHNIC%20RADIO/indiaradio.htm
**********************************************
PORTRAYAL OF HISPANICS AND ASIANS IN THE MEDIA
***********************************************
1. "Don't Blink: Hispanics in Television Entertainment," by S. Robert
Lichter and Daniel R. Amundson for The National Council of La Raza.
Executive Summary (April 1996) http://www.cmpa.com/archive/hisp2.htm
"This study updates our 1994 monograph Distorted Reality, the first
scientific content analysis of how prime time television portrays
Hispanic characters."
2. "Distorted Reality: Hispanic Characters in TV Entertainment," by S.
Robert Lichter and Daniel R. Amundson. The Center for Media and Public
Affairs. (1994)
http://www.cmpa.com/archive/hisp1.htm
For copies of these two studies, contact the National Council of La
Raza at (202) 785-1670 http://www.cmpa.com/archive/arcindex.htm
===
"Speech to MANA de Albuquerque." Commissioner Gloria Tristani,
Albuquerque, New Mexico (August 24, 2001)
http://www.fcc.gov/Speeches/Tristani/2001/spgt107.html
"The bad news is that Hispanic youth rarely see anyone on television
who looks like them. Despite the rapid growth of the Hispanic
population, a recent study by Children Now, a children?s advocacy
group, revealed that the number of recurring Hispanic characters on
prime time television actually decreased from 3 percent to 2 percent
in the most recent television season."
"Wings Rides on Ethnic Stereotypes - TV portrayal of Hispanics fuels
racial ignorance," by Migdia Chinea-Varela. ASUCLA Communications
Board (1996)
http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/96/12.05/view.varela.html
A series of reports about the portrayal of Hispanics in the media can
be found on the Latinos and Media website:
http://db.latinosandmedia.org/bibliography/reports.html
"FOR LULAC "KINGPINS" NOT THE ANSWER FOR LATINO COMMUNITY." El Hispano
http://www.el-hispano.com/2003/8/l020308.htm
There is no documentation of the following presentation, but perhaps
you can contact the author: "Trivialization of Hispanics Through Media
Content," by Raquel M. Mendoza
http://www-mcnair.berkeley.edu/94CASymposium/Raquel_M._Mendoza.html
"The Portrayla of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in Televised
International Athletic Events." Amateur Athletic Foundation. 1995
http://www.aafla.org/9arr/ResearchReports/ResearchReport4_.htm#hispanics
(See sections on portrayal of Asian and Hispanic athletes)
"Networks Coverage of Hispanics Faulted," by Robin Dougherty. The
Boston Globe (6/14/96) Scroll down the page to read the article
http://www.pilgrims.org/xedmed2.htm
"'No Chicanos on TV'," By Cecilia Alvear. Nieman Reports. Vol. 52 No.
3 Fall 1998 http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/98-3NRfall98/Alvear_No.html
==
"Turning Japanese," by Stephen Kelly. Pop Matters. (July 22, 2003)
http://www.popmatters.com/tv/reviews/b/banzai.shtml
"The Power of the Media: Asian American Images on Television," By
Christine Toy Johnson. AFTRA Magazine. (April 9, 2000)
http://www.christinetoyjohnson.com/writing/amagazine.html
"Back to a Diverse Future," By George Takei. (Oct 1999)
http://www.georgetakei.com/news-october.asp
See "Asians/Asian Americans in Film and Television: A Short
Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries."
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/imagesasiansbib.html
You will have to inquire about the following research paper:
"Portrayals of Asian Americans in Michigan State Magazine Ads: An
Update -- Ki-Young Lee and Sung-hee Joo, Michigan State.
http://www.aejmc.org/convention/03Abstracts/03macabs.html
"This study examines the extent to which portrayals of Asian Americans
in magazine ads reflect a "model minority" stereotype commonly
associated with this group. Portrayals of Asian Americans are
content-analyzed in terms of several dimensions reflecting their model
minority stereotype. The findings are also compared with those from
the analysis of blacks and Hispanics? portrayals. The results of a
series of logistic regression analyses show that despite some
improvement, the presence of Asian Americans is still limited to
narrowly defined stereotypical roles."
====
I hope this compilation of information does not prove too
overwhelming and confusing! Again, I will be happy to go into more
depth if you would like to dig deeper into this topic in a further
question.
Sincerely,
umiat-ga
Google Search Strategy
spanish media in the US
hispanic media in the US
asian-owned broadcast media in United States
asian-owned media in United States
asian media in the US
+history of asian media in the US
portrayal of hispanics on Television
portrayal of asians on Television |
