General Question: What are the characteristics of, and examples of,
professional association-based ?fellows? programs?

The association with which I work is considering starting a fellows
program. We are beginning this work by examining existing fellows
programs to determine their characteristics ? commonalities as well as
unique aspects. We wish to:
 
a) identify existing fellows programs in similar associations. In
order to be parallel, the association or society must be academic or
professional in nature (aimed at academics, or highly educated
professionals such as lawyers, doctors, researchers), and

b) identify the characteristics of such programs ? what makes them
similar or different.

Please note that the association must explicitly use the word
?fellows? in their program or when referring to their participants
(this cannot be strictly a ?fellowship? program where the people are
NOT referred to as fellows ? it is a fine distinction and most Type I
programs, described below, are, in fact, fellowship programs ? but
they do refer to those receiving the awards as fellows).

One already identified defining characteristic is that these programs
may be divided into two key types:

Type I: Aimed at college students or new graduates, these fellows
usually receive stipends to support their studies or work in entering
the field and are often aimed at under-represented groups. Examples we
have found include:

American Educational Research Association, Minority Fellowship
Program: http://www.aera.net/programs/minority/
American Political Science Association, Minority Fellows Program:
http://www.amstat.org/fellows/
American Sociological Association, Minority Fellowship Program:
http://www.asanet.org/student/mfp.html


Type II: Aimed at senior members of the Association, these fellows are
recognized for their outstanding service and/or achievements. This is
usually an honorary title and may be considered an award. Examples we
have found include:

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow Award:
http://php.aaas.org/about/aaas_fellows/index.php
American College Health Association, Fellows:
http://www.acha.org/about_acha/awards.cfm
American Finance Association, Fellows:
http://wip2.afajof.org/association/fellows.asp
American Statistical Association, Fellows: http://www.amstat.org/fellows/
Medical Library Association, Fellows and Honorary Members:
http://www.mlanet.org/awards/honors/fellows/#1
National Contract Management Association, AAAS Fellows:
http://www.ncmahq.org/membership/docs/FellowsApp.html

An outstanding answer to this question would provide at least 5 more
examples of programs, if not more. It would identify defining
characteristics within the two subgroups as well. Finally, in
particular, we are trying to identify if there are Type I fellows
programs that are not aimed at minorities or women (basically are open
fellows programs aimed at assisting any new promising person).

Please note, we are explicitly NOT interested in fellows/fellowships
sponsored by universities/academic institutions ? only those sponsored
by associations or societies.