Hello smile_vivi-ga
Here are the answers to your very interesting questions, which I have
numbered, for simplicity. I enjoyed researching aquatic protozoa, as I
have never before done so. (I?m quite familiar with human
microbiology, but researching aquatic ?bugs? was like charting new
waters for me.)
1)how the structure & shape it looks like(with some pictures)
Illustrations:
http://www.greenspirit.org.uk/resources/kingdoms.gif
Family Tree
http://eti.sara.nl/species_taxonomy.jsp?action=expand&node=4#selected_node
?A daughter cell within a vacuole in the cytoplasm of the uninucleate
stem cell divides by binary fission to produce four daughter cells
within the enlarged stem cell. Internal cleavage results in the
formation of a uninucleate cell within each daughter cell. The stem
cell degenerates to release the daughter cells, which become new stem
cells.?
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/pages/marsydoy_e.htm
Illustration of cells infected with M.refringens
http://www.ifremer.fr/drvlgp/images/essai4a.jpg
Photo of M.sydneyi
http://parasite.org.au/images/parasites/Paramyxea/Marteilia_sydneyi.jpg
(The same photo as above, but with other interesting organisms,)
http://parasite.org.au/parasites.htm#Paramyxea
M. . chungmuensis
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/Images/mcoy3.jpg
Page 9 of this Sinauer site depicts mitosis (cell reproduction) in protozoa.
http://www.sinauer.com/brusca/BruscaCh05.pdf
The illustrated life cycle of M.sydneyi can be seen here:
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/images/marsdoy1.jpg
Spronts of M.sydneyi in a wet prep, under the microscope
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/images/marsdoy3.jpg
Digestive gland of an oyster, infected with M.sydneyi
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/images/marsdoy5.jpg
Page 6 illustrates Marteilioides chungmuensis in oyster egg cells.
http://shellfish.cheju.ac.kr/My%20Publication/2003-DAO-Martiliodes.pdf
2)what condition dose it survive?(ie.temperature/moisture/where found/is
M. refringens usually strikes in spring and summer, when water
temperature is greater than 17°C .Optimal water temperature for
spawning is 22 to 25°C. Oysters may become ill with M. sydneyi in
summer and early autumn. However, spores may be found all year round,
and large oyster populations can develop these diseases year round.
3)it heterotropho or autotroph)
Paramyxea are heterotrophs, meaning they ingest or absorb their food,
they are also able to photosynthesize their own food when there is
adequate light. Paramyxea contain mitochondria, but no genetic studies
can be had. No sexual behaviors have been reported on this species.
Paramyxea live in the intestinal cells of annelids, in the testes of
crustaceans, and in the hepatopancreas of bivalve mollusks - all
invertebrate hosts.
4)what are their food source
Paramyxea are protozoan parasites, and as such, utilize their hosts
(in this case, oyster cells) as an energy source. Organic detritus
(isn?t that a great term?) is a delicacy for paramyxea. Organic
detritus is a fancy word for decomposed organic matter, a sort of
mulch of dead and rotting aquatic forms.
Page 7 of this Sinauer site depicts how paramyxa ?eat?
http://www.sinauer.com/brusca/BruscaCh05.pdf
Sinauer Associates
http://www.sinauer.com/brusca/BruscaCh05.pdf
5)describ some interesting facts of paramyxea in disease, foods, etc.
Marteilia refringens is a protozoan parasite that infects the
digestive gland of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis . The genus Marteilia
is included in the phylum Paramyxea, and has killed numerous harvests
of European flat oysters, since the late 1960s. Marteilosis, also
known as Aber disease, caused by a paramyxa, Marteilia refringens, is
a disease that must be reported to the OIE, World Organization for
Animal Health. Marteilia is endemic in France, Greece, Italy, Morocco,
Portugal, and Spain. M.refringens infects the palps, stomach,
digestive ducts and possibly the gills of the oyster.
Another paramyxa genus is Martelia sydneyi, cause of another aquatic
animal disease called QX disease. Marteilia sydneyi is found in New
South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. QX disease occurs when
M.sydneyi infects the skinlike covering of the palps and gills of
oysters. As in M. refringens, the oysters reproductive organs are
absorbed by the oyster, and death occurs within 60 days from the
initial infection, usually from starvation.
6)name a specific species genus of paramyxea
As mentioned above, the most commonly known genera are the Marteilia
refringens and Martelia Sydneyi. Another is M. chungmuensis, also
infecting oysters of Korea and Japan.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/pages/mcoy_e.htm
World Biodiversity Database
http://eti.sara.nl/multiple_description.jsp?node=4
Ifremer
http://www.ifremer.fr/latremblade/en/mariecurie/postesapouvoir/marteilia.htm
World Biodiversity Database
http://eti.sara.nl/multiple_description.jsp?node=27
World Organization for Animal Health
http://www.oie.int/eng/Normes/fmanual/A_00039.htm
The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
http://www.jeukmic.org/abstr/int/f2/f202.html
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
http://shellfish.cheju.ac.kr/My%20Publication/2003-DAO-Martiliodes.pdf
Additional Information:
Definitions from Merck Source
--------------------------------------
?Paramyxa (Par·a·myxa) (par²[schwa]-mik¢s[schwa]) [para- + Gr. myxa
mucus] a genus of parasitic protozoa (order Paramyxida, class
Paramyxea) having characters of the class.
Paramyxea (Par·a·myx·ea) (par²[schwa]-mik¢se-[schwa]) a class of
parasitic protozoa (phylum Ascetospora) having bicellular spores, each
consisting of a parietal cell and one sporoplasm, an uninterrupted
spore wall, and no polar tube. It comprises one order: Paramyxida.
Paramyxida (Par·a·myx·i·da) (par²[schwa]-mik¢s[ibreve]-d[schwa]) an
order of parasitic protozoa (class Paramyxea, phylum Ascetospora)
having characters of the class. ?
http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_p_05zPzhtm
Classification of Paramyxa:
Superkingdon: EUKARYA, KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA, Phylum 23 Paramyxa ?
nesting cells in tissues of marine animals
http://www.greenspirit.org.uk/resources/FiveKingdoms.htm
InterResearch
http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v36/n3/p221-226.html
FishDisease
?Parasite Groups of Interest: Microspora, Myxozoa, Sporozoa, Paramyxea?
http://www.anicca.net/fd/users/user_show.php?id=5
Protozoan Chart
http://member.nifty.ne.jp/angursa/zool/protozoa2.html
I hope this answers your questions!
If I have duplicated any information you already had, or if any part
of my answer is unclear, please request an Answer Clarification,
before rating. This will allow me to assist you further, if possible.
Regards,
crabcakes-ga
Search Terms
Protozoa taxonomy
Protozoa parayxea
Paramyxa
M.refringens |
