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Q: Relations between Quantum Theory and new ideas on consciousness and reality. ( Answered 5 out of 5 stars,   1 Comment )
Question  
Subject: Relations between Quantum Theory and new ideas on consciousness and reality.
Category: Science
Asked by: chadbourne-ga
List Price: $50.00
Posted: 02 Apr 2004 12:43 PST
Expires: 02 May 2004 13:43 PDT
Question ID: 324178
Connection and affects of Quantum Physics and perhaps Cosmological
theories on our ideas and understandingof the nature of reality and
its connection to "human" consciousness given these new theories on
causality,the attempts at unifying Gravity with the other forces of
nature and especially the impact of the verification of "Bell's
Theorem" by Aspect which proved that action at a distance occurs
instantaneously and thus proving that infornation can be transmitted
faster than the speed of light; thus, implying that at some level, all
matter and energy is somehow connected leadind to the theories that I
would like to keep up to date on, namely the relation between
perception, reality and the underlying nature of conscousness,
especially human and theories on causality and its implication on free
will and what makes the human mind unique and theories on its ability
to modify reality - present and the future and the fact that on our
planrt, only humans are aware of their mortality.
Answer  
Subject: Re: Relations between Quantum Theory and new ideas on consciousness and reality.
Answered By: larre-ga on 02 Apr 2004 16:36 PST
Rated:5 out of 5 stars
 
Thanks for asking.

My research has located the following sources which discuss Quantum
Consciousness theories. All sources are recent (post Bell). I have
organized the resources into Academic, Professional Journal, and
Internet Publication categories. In a number of cases, I have included
short excerpts from source, so that you may judge its complexity.


Quantum Consciousness - Academic Sources
======================================================================

Quantum Collapse, Consciousness and Superluminal Communication
--------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract: "The relation between quantum collapse, consciousness and
superluminal communication is analyzed. As we know, quantum collapse,
if exists, can result in the appearance of quantum nonlocality, and
requires the existence of a preferred Lorentz frame. This may permit
the realization of quantum superluminal communication (QSC), which
will no longer result in the usual causal loop in case of the
existence of a preferred Lorentz frame. The possibility of the
existence of QSC is further analyzed under the assumption that quantum
collapse is a real process. We demonstrate that the combination of
quantum collapse and the consciousness of the observer will permit the
observer to distinguish nonorthogonal states in principle. This
provides a possible way to realize QSC. Some implications of the
existence of QSC are briefy discussed."

Quantum collapse, consciousness and superluminal communication
Gao, Shan (2004)
University of Pittsburg
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001643/ 


Causal Determinism
------------------ 

"Causal determinism is, roughly speaking, the idea that every event is
necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the
laws of nature. The idea is ancient, but first became subject to
clarification and mathematical analysis in the eighteenth century.
Determinism is deeply connected with our understanding of the physical
sciences and their explanatory ambitions, on the one hand, and with
our views about human free action on the other. In both of these
general areas there is no agreement over whether determinism is true
(or even whether it can be known true or false), and what the import
for human agency would be in either case. "

Causal Determinism, by Carl Hoefer, 2003
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/


Causation as Folk Science (Rebuttal)
------------------------------------

Abstract: I deny that the world is fundamentally causal, deriving the
skepticism on non-Humean grounds from our enduring failures to find a
contingent, universal principle of causality that holds true of our
science. I explain the prevalence and fertility of causal notions in
science by arguing that a causal character for many sciences can be
recovered, when they are restricted to appropriately hospitable
domains. There they conform to a loose collection of causal notions
that form a folk science of causation. This recovery of causation
exploits the same generative power of reduction relations that allows
us to recover gravity as a force from Einstein's general relativity
and heat as a conserved fluid, the caloric, from modern thermal
physics, when each theory is restricted to appropriate domains. Causes
are real in science to the same degree as caloric and gravitational
forces.

Causation as Folk Science, Norton, John D.
University of Pittsburg
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001214/


EPR-like ``funny business'' in the theory of branching space-times
------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract: "EPR-like phenomena are (presumably) indeterministic, but
they furthermore suggest that our world involves seeming-strange
``funny business.'' Without invoking any heavy mathematics, the theory
of branching space-times offers two apparently quite different ways in
which EPR-like funny business goes beyond simple indeterminism. (1)
The first is a modal version of a Bell-like correlation: There exist
two space-like separated indeterministic initial events whose families
of outcomes are nevertheless modally correlated. That is, although the
occurrence of each outcome of each of the two space-like separated
initial events is separately possible, some joint occurrence of their
outcomes (one from each) is impossible. (2) The second sounds like
superluminal causation: A certain initial event can bear a cause-like
relation to a certain without being in the causal past of that
outcome. The two accounts of EPR-like funny business are proved
equivalent, a result that supports the claim of each as useful to mark
the line between mere indeterminism and EPR-like funny business.

EPR-like ``funny business'' in the theory of branching space-times
Belnap, Nuel (2002)
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000784/


The Complex Link Between Neuroanatomy and Consciousness
-------------------------------------------------------

Abstract: "Abstract: This essay is a commentary on Edelman and
Tononi's A Universe of Consciousness ? How Matter Becomes Imagination,
a scientific book on the mind-body relationship. The underlying theme
of the book is that consciousness is a process emerging from highly
integrated and distributed activity in the thalamocortical system in
the brain (the ?dynamic core?). The authors use this hypothesis to
explain several fundamental characteristics of consciousness in terms
of an interesting definition of neural complexity. A Universe of
Consciousness presents a theory well-grounded in neuroanatomy, and
succeeds in connecting neurobiological knowledge with subjective
experience. The result is a convincing story that unfolds from an
accurate description of the physical and biological processes in the
nervous system (the first two thirds of the book) to an intriguing
explanation of qualia, the private, qualitative, and subjective
aspects of consciousness. After reviewing the book, we comment on
specific scientific and philosophical aspects of Edelman and Tononi's
approach. Particularly, we discuss whether the implications of the
?dynamic core? hypothesis involve the establishment of new physical
laws or can be reduced to presently accepted scientific theories. In
addition, we explore the consequences of establishing the primacy of
neuroanatomy in the study of consciousness with a thought experiment
on qualia."

The Complex Link Between Neuroanatomy and Consciousness 
By Giorgio A. Ascoli
Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Psychology 
George Mason University
http://www.krasnow.gmu.edu/ascoli/universe.html


Interneuronal Macroscopic Quantum Coherence in the Brain Cortex!
----------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract: "There are many blank areas in understanding the brain
dynamics and especially how it gives rise to consciousness. Quantum
mechanics is believed to be capable of explaining the enigma of
conscious experience, however till now there is not good enough model
considering both the data from clinical neurology and having some
explanatory power! In this paper is presented a novel model in defense
of macroscopic quantum events within and between natural cells."

Interneuronal Quantum Coherence
Danko Dimchev Georgiev,(2003)
Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001355/


Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics: The Connection and Analogies 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract: "Consciousness and the measurement problem of quantum
mechanics have a logical connection and an historical involvement.
Moreover, current issues in the two arenas have striking similarities.
Whether or not consciousness warrants quantum mechanical
consideration, analogies between quantum measurement and consciousness
are tantalizing and suggestive. After a review of how the issue of
consciousness arises in quantum mechanics (but not in classical
physics), and after a brief discussion of the implications of the
measurement problem for reductionism, we develop a series of analogies
between consciousness and quantum mechanics. We conclude that any
substantial advance in one arena would at the least offer hints for
routes to take in the other."

Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics: The Connection and Analogies 
Bruce Rosenblum, University of California, Santa Cruz 
Fred Kuttner, Northwestern Polytechnic University 
The Journal of Mind and Behavior, Summer 1999, Vol. 20, No. 3, Pages
229-256, ISSN 0271-0137

Requests for reprints should be sent to Bruce Rosenblum, Ph.D.,
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz,
California 95064


Professional Journal Articles and Abstracts
======================================================================

Journal of Consciousness Studies
================================

Does Consciousness Cause Behaviour?, Pockett S.[1]
 
[1] Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,
Auckland, New Zealand., Email: s.pockett@auckland.ac.nz
 
Abstract: 
The prevailing folk-psychology of modern Western humans holds that (1)
an individual person or self can be identified with that individual?s
consciousness and thus that (2) consciousness can cause behaviour. In
this paper I assemble a body of experimental and philosophical
evidence suggesting that both of these beliefs might be mistaken. I
discuss some of the practical and philosophical implications of the
idea that consciousness does not in fact cause behaviour and conclude
that it is not only a serious academic possibility but also an
(almost) intuitively acceptable idea that consciousness may be
epiphenomenal.

Ingenta Article Summary
http://www.ingenta.com/journals/browse/imp/jcs

This resource requires session ID's, so I cannot post a direct,
clickable URL. You'll need to navigate from the Journal Archive main
page listed above to the article "Does Consciousness Cause Behaviour?"
in 2004, Volume 11, Issue 2.


Explaining Consciousness - The Hard Problem
-------------------------------------------

A special multi-part issue of the Journal of Consciousness Studies was
devoted to explanations of "The Hard Problem". These lists offer Table
of Contents of the special issues, with abstracts, and in a few cases
links to the full text.

Journal of Consciousness - Explaining Consciousness
http://www.imprint.co.uk/hardprob.html
http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs_3_4.html
http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs_3_3.html
http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs_3_5-6.html
http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs_4_1.html

Full Text of Selected Articles
http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs.html#fulltext


Integral Theory of Consciousness
--------------------------------

"Abstract: An extensive data search among various types of
developmental and evolutionary sequences yielded a `four quadrant'
model of consciousness and its development (the four quadrants being
intentional, behavioural, cultural, and social). Each of these
dimensions was found to unfold in a sequence of at least a dozen major
stages or levels. Combining the four quadrants with the dozen or so
major levels in each quadrant yields an integral theory of
consciousness that is quite comprehensive in its nature and scope.
This model is used to indicate how a general synthesis and integration
of twelve of the most influential schools of consciousness studies can
be effected, and to highlight some of the most significant areas of
future research. The conclusion is that an `all-quadrant, all-level'
approach is the minimum degree of sophistication that we need into
order to secure anything resembling a genuinely integral theory of
consciousness."

AN INTEGRAL THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, by Ken Wilber
Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4 (1), February 1997, pp. 71-92
http://www.imprint.co.uk/Wilber.htm


Space, Time and Consciousness
-----------------------------

Abstract: "This paper describes a new theory of consciousness based on
previous work by C.D. Broad, H.H. Price, Andrei Linde and others. This
hypothesis states that the Universe consists of three fundamental
entities ? space-time, matter and consciousness, each with their own
degrees of freedom. The paper pays particular attention to three areas
that impact on this theory: (1) the demonstration by neuroscience and
psychophysics that we do not perceive the world as it actually is but
as the brain computes it most probably to be; (2) the need to
delineate between phenomenal space-time and physical space-time.
Recent theories in physics that suggest that the Universe has more
than three spatial dimensions are relevant here; (3) the role of
consciousness in the block Universe described by Special Relativity.
The integration of these topics suggests a new physical theory
of the nature of consciousness."

John Smythies, Space, Time and Consciousness (Vol.10, No.3)
Adoble PDF format, requires Acrobat Reader 
http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/smythies.pdf


Complexity Theory, Quantum Mechanics/Radically Free Self Determination
======================================================================

It has been claimed that quantum mechanics, unlike classical
mechanics, allows for free will. In this paper I articulate that claim
and explain how a complex physical system possessing fractal-like self
similarity could exhibit both self consciousness and self
determination. I use complexity theory to show how quantum mechanical
indeterminacies at the neural level (as postulated by Eccles and
Penrose) could ?percolate up? to the levels of scale within the brain
at which sensory-motor information transformations occur. Finally, I
explain how macro level indeterminacy could be coupled with self
determination to provide a physical system with the capacity for
radically free willing.


Complexity Theory, Quantum Mechanics and Radically Free Self
Determination, by Mark Stephen Pestana, Grand Valley State University
The Journal of Mind and Behavior, Autumn 2001, Volume 22, Number 4,
Pages 365?388, ISSN 0271?0137
http://kramer.ume.maine.edu/~jmb/archives/volume22/22_4_2001autumn.html#abstract2

Requests for reprints should be sent to Mark Pestana, Department of
Philosophy, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401.
Email: pestanam@gvsu.edu.


Internet Publications
======================================================================

Most of these references are substantially less complex, or explain
and discuss Quantum Consciousness theories at general reference level.

A Pure Consciousness Model of the Universe
------------------------------------------

"Whether there exists some reality, independent of man, that is
responsible for the regularities observable in the universe, and if
there is such an independent reality, what is its nature, are
questions that have occupied philosophers, theologians, and scientists
throughout history. In particular, whether such a reality can be found
in the physical universe has seemed more and more to require a
negative answer, as relativity, quantum theory, and the violation of
Bell's inequalities, all verified by experiment, have made it
difficult to defend any concept of an independent physical reality."

A Pure-Consciousness Model of the Universe
By Richard P. Dolan, 2002
http://home.earthlink.net/~dolascetta/MetaFrameSet.html


The Quantum Brain: Theory or Myth?
----------------------------------

"The study of neurobiology has long involved the actions and
interactions among neurons and their synapses. Changes in
concentrations of various ions carry impulses to and from the central
nervous system and are responsible for all the information processed
by the nervous system as a whole. This has been the prominent theory
for many years, but, now, there is a new one to be reckoned with; the
Quantum Brain Theory (QBT). Like many new theories, the QBT has merits
and flaws. Many people are wholeheartedly sold on it; however, this
vigor might be uncalled for. Nevertheless, this could prove to be a
valid and surprisingly accurate theory of brain function."

The Quantum Brain: Theory or Myth?, by Ruth Czarnecki, 1998
Bryn Mawr College


The Role of Quantum Mechanics in Brain Function
-----------------------------------------------

An interview with Dimitri Nanopoulos, PhD

"Dimitri Nanopoulos, Ph.D., is head of the HARC Astroparticle Physics
Group, distinguished professor of physics at Texas A&M University, and
senior physicist at CERN's Theoretical Physics Division. World
renowned for his work in particle physics and cosmology, he is one of
the four scientists who predicted that all matter is divided into
three families of fundamental particles. The author of more than 440
papers, Nanopoulos has served as Curie Fellow at the Laboratoire de
Physique Theorique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris and as a
research fellow at Harvard University's Lyman Laboratory of Physics."

Google Cache
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:_yZK-nehNTAJ:www.eritreaplanet.com/data/sl02/TheRoleOfQuantumMechanicsInBrainFunction.htm+%22The+Role+of+Quantum+Mechanics+in+Brain+Function%22


The Quantum Theory of the Human Person
--------------------------------------

"This talk is about you as a human person. It is about science's
conception of you as a human person. It is about what makes you
different from a machine. It is about your mind, and how your mind
influences your bodily actions. It is about:

The causal connection between your mind and your brain. 

When I tell someone that I study the connection between The Mind and
The Brain, the immediate reply is often: ?What's the difference?  I
thought they were the same thing?

Your mind is your stream of consciousness. It consists of your
thoughts, ideas, and feelings, and is described in psychological or
mental terms.

Your brain is an organ in your body consisting of nerve cells and
other tissues, and is described in physical terms---basically in terms
of properties assigned to tiny space-time regions."


Henry Stapp Lecture in Lucerne
Quantum Theory of the Human Person
Word Format: http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/LUCERNE.doc
.PDF Format: http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/LUCERNE.pdf


A New Perception of Reality
---------------------------

"Physics has already travelled far from the simple picture of physical
reality provided by classical physics a century ago. At about that
time, certain anomalous results that could not be explained by
classical physics began to appear. As a result, relativity theory and
quantum theory began to emerge as two major new branches of physics
that succeeded in explaining the anomalies as well as many new
phenomena that began to emerge over that time.

At the same time, the picture of physical reality that they presented
often seemed very paradoxical and strange indeed. This article
outlines how modern physics and cosmology view physical reality and
the physical universe, then goes on to explore some even deeper and
more radical ideas about physical reality that are now appearing."

A New Perception of Reality, by Alan Mayne
http://www.ru.org/31realit.html


Mind and Matter - Two Sides of the Same Coin
--------------------------------------------

"The Quantum Mechanics (and also the Theory of Relativity) show us
that the belief in objective perception and definition of the physical
reality has lost its basis.  The efforts to illustrate the fundamental
constituents of the physical world objectively, have ended until now
with undisputable and indispensable necessity of subjective
interference.  The mind and matter have became mutually
interdependent.  Furthermore, the mind and matter have now common
basis because they both depend on statistical rules."

Mind and Matter
http://www.geocities.com/new_understandings/mind_and_matter.html


Quantum Structure and Synthesized Reality
-----------------------------------------

"What is the Origin of all things? What is the Original ?Thing? from
which all of Existence has emerged?

On the surface this may seem like a simple question, but within the
scope of our limited neurological perception, the simple answer may
only be found through a complicated path of deductive reasoning, for
the origin/ foundation of Existence does not dwell in space or time,
but is itself a singular condition without size or shape, out of which
?Space-Time? and ?Dimension? are constructed."

Quantum Structure and Synthesized Reality, by Michael Spirit 
http://primordality.com/quantum_theory.htm#Quantum_Structure_and_Synthesized_Reality


Whitehead, Quantum Mechanics and Local Realism
----------------------------------------------

"In his book, Nature Loves to Hide, Shimon Malin provides a
wonderfully lucid and fascinating account of the development of
quantum mechanics in the twentieth century and argues that the
baffling puzzles of the quantum world can be understood in terms of
Whitehead?s process metaphysics.1 Malin thus joins an ever-growing
number of physicists who see in Whitehead?s theories a useful
framework for understanding contemporary physics, including for
example, Henry Stapp, Timothy Eastman, Lawrence Fagg, Basil Hiley and
David Finkelstein. Nature Loves to Hide is divided into three parts:
?.e Quandary,? ?From a Universe of Objects to a Universe of
Experiences,? and ?Physics and the One.? Malin also includes three
appendices on the relativity of simultaneity, the proof of Bell?s
inequalities, and interpretations of quantum theory (i.e., quantum
ontologies)."

Whitehead, Quantum Mechanics and Local Realism, By Leemon McHenry
http://www.csun.edu/~lmchenry/QuantumMec.pdf



Additional Resources Resources
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantum Mind ListServer
University of Arizona at Tucson
http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A0=quantum-mind

Henry Stapp, Physicist, 
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/stappfiles.html


Search Strategy
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Google Search Terms:

consciousness "quantum theory" site:.edu
consciousness "quantum theory" journal
"quantum consciousness"
perception reality consciousness "quantum theory"
perception determinism quantum


I hope you find these resources useful. If you have questions about
the links provided, please, feel free to ask for clarification.

Best regards,

---larre

Request for Answer Clarification by chadbourne-ga on 15 Apr 2004 11:36 PDT
The first article of your research on Quantum Collapse by Gao Shan Is
the only area into which I would like you to delve more deeply. The
last sentance in the last paragraph I find of particular interest and
its footnote refers to a further article by Mr. Gao Shan as well as
others by him in the Bibliography.

Please search for more information relating to this articles' premises
& posited theorirs, esp, referring to the summary idea in the last
sentance as well as further or parallel work by Mr. Gao.

Exceptional research by you throughout thr rest of your Answer,

Clarification of Answer by larre-ga on 17 Apr 2004 02:40 PDT
Hi chadbourne-ga,

I have managed to locate the following online bibliographic reference
material from Gao Shan's "Quantum Collapse, Consciousness and
Superluminal Communication". The first 4 ePrint references also offer
SEEK service for references within each paper in the repository. Click
the SEEK button next to each reference to search for online copies of
papers and materials listed in the bibliographies.

A possible quantum basis of panpsychism
Gao, Shan (2003) A possible quantum basis of panpsychism. 
NeuroQuantology 1(1):pp. 4-9.
http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003064/

A Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy
Gao, Shan (2003) A Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy.
http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003065/

Quantum, consciousness and panpsychism: a solution to the hard problem
Gao, Mr Shan (2004) Quantum, consciousness and panpsychism: a solution
to the hard problem.
http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003489/

A quantum method to test the existence of consciousness
Gao, Mr Shan (2002) A quantum method to test the existence of consciousness. 
The Noetic Journal Vol.3(No.3):pp. 27-31.
http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00002550/

Gao, Shan (2001) The basis of indeterminism.
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000453/

What quantum mechanics describes is discontinuous motion of particles
Gao, Shan (2001) What quantum mechanics describes is discontinuous
motion of particles.
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000447/

Quantum mechanics and discontinuous motion of particles
Shan, Gao (2002) Quantum mechanics and discontinuous motion of particles.
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000775/

The other EPR: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox and Bell's Inequalities
By Dariush Hinderberger, November 2002
http://www.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/~hinderbe/theotherepr.pdf

Collapse helps to probe the structure of particles
Rui Qi,  Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
http://arxiv.org/ftp/quant-ph/papers/0211/0211010.pdf

I'm afraid that analysis and content-based research of "Quantum
Collapse, Consciousness and Superluminal Communication" is
substantially beyond the scope of your original question. In order to
receive the attention it deserves, I suggest that you post this
request as a new question, giving additional researchers the
opportunity to provide an expert analysis and further references.

---larre
chadbourne-ga rated this answer:5 out of 5 stars and gave an additional tip of: $15.00
I could not be more satisfied in the scope and depth of your research
into a somewhat diffuclt topic that showed me interest as well as
dedication to completing your original work so quickly and completely.
Your clarification was just what I wanted to continue with all the
articles & links that I now haveat my disposal. I sil probably be
looking for more research in this and related topics, however I kad no
takers on a $100 question on progress toward a Grand unified Field
Theory of Everything. I will try again with a shorter question then
the lengthy ine that I posed. Hope you catch some future questions.

Comments  
Subject: Re: Relations between Quantum Theory and new ideas on consciousness and reality.
From: haselhurst-ga on 30 Nov 2004 01:38 PST
 
Hello,
While the mind is obviously very complex, I believe that we now have
emerging knowledge of the structure of Matter that enables our brain
and body to interact with the world around us (thus how how mind can
experience and have knowledge of the world).

The problem has largely been the conception of matter as discrete and
separate particles, which then require forces / fields to interconnect
them. This occurs in a background of space-time. Thus we have 4
separate existents without understanding their interconnection.
Einstein tried to solve this by rejecting the particle, and uniting
matter with space as a continuous spherical field. But he failed to
explain the discrete quantum energy states of light and matter as
found in Quantum Theory.

The solution is to describe reality from one thing, Space and its
properties as a wave medium for spherical waves that form matter. So
Einstein is largely correct, there are no particles, but rather than
continuous spherical fields in space-time, we instead simplify this to
spherical waves in space. (Reality is ultimately simple, as it must
be, founded on One thing to explain the connection between the Many
things.)

You can read on the Wave Structure of Matter at;
http://www.SpaceandMotion.com

Hope this helps,
Geoff Haselhurst

Some quotes from Einstein;

"When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:
Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter."

"From the latest results of the theory of relativity it is probable
that our three dimensional space is also approximately spherical, that
is, that the laws of disposition of rigid bodies in it are not given
by Euclidean geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry."
(Einstein, 1954)

"Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially
extended. In this way the concept 'empty space' loses its meaning.
The field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description,
irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles) in
the theory of Newton." (Albert Einstein, 1954)

By using Albert Einstein's own words it is now possible to show that
his ideas need only a slight modification - from his foundation that
matter is a spherical spatially extended 'field', to a foundation
based upon Space rather than matter, and that matter is caused by
Spherical Standing Waves in Space.
Albert Einstein is correct in asserting that matter is spherically
spatially extended, and thus to reject the concept of the particle;

"According to general relativity, the concept of space detached from
any physical content (matter, objects) does not exist. The physical
reality of space is represented by a field whose components are
continuous functions of four independent variables - the co-ordinates
of space and time. Since the theory of general relatively implies the
representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept
of particles or material points cannot play a fundament part, nor can
the concept of motion. The particle can only appear as a limited
region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are
particularly high." (Albert Einstein, 1950)

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