What is the literary device used in the following lyric:
"Mississippi Queen, you know what I mean"?  This lyric makes the
assumption that the listener knows what the singer "means". I've
checked many of the links provided on
http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hum60.00.00/
to no avail.

Are you thinking of "implication?"  The song implies that the listener
knows to what is being referred, i.e., that the "Mississippi Queen" is
promiscuous/beautiful/a Southern belle/all of the above.  When the
listener draws the intended meaning, the listener has "inferred"
correctly.