Hi dougal33,
The History of Craps
http://www.crapsdicecontrol.com/craps_history.htm
"The dice are the oldest gambling tools. According to Scarne?s
research, the dice and the games associated with them can be found all
over the ancient world. Roman Emperors Augustin, Nero and Caligula
were devoted dice players. They even tried to cheat at the game.
Modern looking cubical die was found in Egypt and it was dated at 600
B.C. Indian ancient epic "Mahabharata" tells the stories about the
warriors throwing the dice and loosing fortunes. Koreans were also big
fans of the dice in the early days. American Indians used four-sided
knucklebones to create their dice games. The fact that Arabic language
uses the same word for a knucklebone and a die means that the dice
were popular in Arab world for a longer time that anybody can
remember."
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http://homepage.ntlworld.com/dice-play/CrapsHazardHistory.htm
Craps and the closely related ancient game of Hazard have a long and
interesting history.
"Craps is a descendant of an ancient game called Hazard and the
origins of both are a matter of debate. Hazard was claimed to have
been invented by the Englishman, Sir William of Tyre and his knights,
during the crusades. It is said to have been a pastime for the
crusaders while laying siege to a castle called Hazarth or Asart in
1125 AD. The name of Hazard is therefore supposed to be a corruption
of the castle's name. However the Encyclopaedia Britannica says the
name came from the Arabic words 'al zar' or 'azzah' which means simply
"the dice". This would seem to imply the game is Arabic in origin."
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Gambling - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
http://math.truman.edu/~thammond/history/Gambling.html
"The Arabs seem to have adopted their combinatorics from the Hindus.
The author also briefly discusses some interest in combinatorics in
the Jewish mathematical tradition; two examples are Rabbi ben Ezra and
Levi ben Gerson. (3) Magic squares may first occur in the lo shu
diagram, which is often linked with the I Ching. The author discusses
how the idea of magic squares may have entered the Islamic world, was
then improved, appeared in the work of Manuel Moschopoulos, and
possibly through him entered the Western world. What happened in China
is less clear. As the author suggests, the the work of Yang Hui
suggests that there had been a Chinese tradition of work in magic
squares, already dead by Yang Hui's time. For example, the squares
Yang Hui gives are not of types found elsewhere. In addition, Yang Hui
seems unclear on the techniques for construction. It is interesting
that De la Loubčre learned of a simple method for constructing magic
squares in Siam. The author also discusses: the possibility of a Hindu
study of magic squares; the presumably Arab source of Western magic
square mysticism; and later developments, such as Euler's questions on
orthogonal Latin squares. (4) The author discusses how questions in
partitions arose in gambling, such as the throwing of astrogali
(huckle bones, which can land 4 ways) or dice (which can land in 6
ways)."
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Ancient islamic horse games
http://www.horses-store.com/Ancientislamichorsegames.html
"What type of ancient Islamic horse games would the people have played
in those days? Many people with Arabian horses try to find out more
about the use of their type of horses in the ancient Islamic world.
Although ?ancient Islamic horse games? doesn?t directly refer to the
Middle East we can safely assume that that would have been the
geographical area where these games would have been played. The islam
originated in Arabia (the holy city of Mecca lies in what?s currently
Saudi Arabia. Mecca, or Makkah, is one of the cities in Saudi Arabia.
Bakkah is another name for the city as well.)
Ancient Islamic horse games would have been played in the countries of
the Middle East: Iran, Iraq, The Arabic Peninsula etc. Although in
those ancient times those countries probably were called differently
like: Persia or Mesopotamia.
What type of ancient Islamic horse games would these people have
played? They probably raced their horses to test their riding skills
at great speeds. Although the islam considered gambling to be bad, the
people most likely used these horse games for gambling purposes.
Especially since the Arabian horses were owned by the wealthy people.
"Teach your sons the art of swimming, sharp shooting, and horseback
riding," said Omar, the second Caliph (successor to Muhammad) who
ruled from 634 to 644.
When we read this paragraph carefully, the ancient Islamic horse games
would include sharp shooting as well. Combining horse riding and
shooting gives hunting in various forms and in the ancient Islamic
world hunting would include falcon hunting."
Keyword search:
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Best regards,
tlspiegel |
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