I need every use of the term "Liberal Democracy" from any writter or
specker in the time frame of 50 to 100 years ago.

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Request for Question Clarification by pinkfreud-ga on 21 Apr 2004 12:11 PDT

Finding *every* use of a phrase by any writer or speaker is, of
course, not possible.

How many citations would be satisfactory as an answer?

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Clarification of Question by brentwill1-ga on 21 Apr 2004 12:23 PDT

As many as you can find in the amount of time that my money pays for.  Thank you.

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Clarification of Question by brentwill1-ga on 21 Apr 2004 12:31 PDT

10 Would be fine

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Clarification of Question by brentwill1-ga on 21 Apr 2004 12:46 PDT

Also, any use that you come up with from beyond 10 years ago will be positive

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Request for Question Clarification by czh-ga on 21 Apr 2004 13:23 PDT

Hello brentwill1-ga,

It will be easy to find lots of references to ?liberal democracy? so
it would be helpful to understand the context of your question. Are
you interested in specific countries or time periods? Are you writing
a paper/speech and you need to prove a point? The more information you
can share, the more likely I will be able to get you the information 
you need. I look forward to your clarification.

~ czh ~

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Clarification of Question by brentwill1-ga on 21 Apr 2004 13:31 PDT

I would like any American use that meets this defination.  Liberal
democracy is a form of representative democracy in which majority rule
is qualified by respect for liberal rights such as freedom of speech
and assembly, freedom of religion, the right to private property and
privacy, as well as equality before the law and due process under the
rule of law.

Such rights are guaranteed through various institutions and statutory
laws in order to protect the rights of individuals and minorities from
the 'tyranny of the majority'.

---

Clarification of Question by brentwill1-ga on 21 Apr 2004 13:39 PDT

I am trying to prove this point.  Liberal Democracy is a word used in
a political science sense and has been for the last 100 years.  It
isn?t a word that has come into use in the last 5 years.

Brentwill1,

Hopefully you bet someone dinner or drinks on this, because you are
going to prove that this term has been around for more than 5 years ?
 I do want to comment on the paragraph left by Neilzero down at the
bottom before we begin as well. While the ideas behind the word
liberal probably have shifted a bit over the years, so had what people
consider being liberal. Some of the things that are conservative now,
were liberal 50 years ago. So, while that comment does hold merit,
it's not so much that the word liberal gives off a new meaning in the
21st century, just that what it defines has changed somewhat.
So, let?s get down to the answer. Since I will be citing at least 10
sources, I?ll cite the text I found, where it came from, and list the
URL of the site I found the information on. That way, if you want to
dig deeper than what I did, you?ll be able to.

1. ?The economic basis of Western-style liberal democracy was early
recognized in the West. British, American, and French democrats alike
insisted on the right to property as one of the basic human rights
that safeguard and are safeguarded by free institutions. It also forms
an essential component of civil society as conceived by European
thinkers. For some time the rise of socialist ideas, parties, and
governments weakened the belief in private property as a liberal
value. Recent events have done much to restore that belief.?
Copyright © 1993 by Bernard Lewis. All rights reserved.
The Atlantic Monthly; February 1993; Islam and Liberal Democracy;
Volume 271, No. 2; page 89.
http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/93feb/lewis.htm
***** Atlantic Monthly also has a search function, which will allow
you to search for a term in all of their archives, from November of
1857 to the present. It then lists the articles, which you can read a
few lines of for free, or pay to get the whole article in a couple of
different formats. The article I listed as #1 is a complete article,
but I did want to tell you that using the search feature with them for
?liberal democracy? brings up 534 results for that term. So, choose,
and if you?re willing, you have up to 533 sources you can pay for and
read through.

#2 ?There is a wide variety of measures taken in liberal democracies
to repress political opposition. Most of these measures are taken by
agencies of the state, especially by the police and the military,
which are the custodians of legitimate violence. The role of
repression is a major one?
Protest in a liberal democracy. Published in Philosophy and Social
Action, Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2, January-June 1994, pp. 13-24; Brian Martin
http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/94psa.html
*****Please note, this information by Brian Martin is gleamed from
many sources, which you will see he listed at the bottom of this
paper. Please check those out as well, because that?s where a lot of
his quoted material comes from.

#3 ?What will be the fate of liberal democracy in a world where the
economic gravity is shifting from the West to Asia??
Austin, Dennis, Ed. ISBN: 0943852994, Paper, 238 pages, Notes, 6x9"
Other editions: Paper ($24.95)
http://www.paragonhouse.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=25_53&products_id=279
*****This book talks about Liberal Democracy related to the shift to
Asian Countries from the Western ones. I cited this more because if
the interesting factor, a bit of a different perspective. I do want to
tell you though; it is from 1995, so it?s about 8 month?s young of
making the 10-year mark.

#4 ?The book examines the uses of religious ideas in political
discourse in a liberal democracy?
Love and Power - The Role of Religion and Morality in American Politics 
Michael J. Perry, Howard J. Trienans Professor of Law, Northwestern
University School of Law
Price: £15.95 (Paperback) 
0-19-508355-5
Publication date: 22 July 1993
OUP USA 228 pages, 210mm x 140mm 
http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-508355-5
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195083555/qid=1082647952/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/002-5571530-7377611?v=glance&s=books
*****The top link is the original site I found it upon. The second
link is where you can order it from in the US for a lower price.

#5 ?This study, a collection of cross-national measures of political
democracy, contains over 800 variables for most of the world's
independent countries. Political, social, and economic measures are
available in the data file, and topics include adult suffrage, civil
liberties, political rights, the openness, fairness, and
competitiveness of the electoral process, executive and legislative
selection and effectiveness, political party legitimacy, political
participation, limitations on the executive branch of the government,
level of democratization, economic openness, constitutional
development, government legitimacy, and the outlook for freedom. ?
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION: Bollen, Kenneth A. CROSS-NATIONAL INDICATORS
OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, 1950-1990 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version.
Chapel Hill, NC
http://ssdc.ucsd.edu/ssdc/icp02532.html
***** This is actually a computer file talking about variations of
democracy from 1950-1990 in the US, The file was published in 2001,
and however, the concepts /informational relevance cover the time span
you indicated

#6 "...the historical process rests on the twin pillars of rational
(economic) desire and rational (personal) recognition ...modern
liberal democracy is the political system that best satisfies the two
in some kind of balance...." In his vision, opposites co-exist and are
tied together in a vital balance by the reasoning citizen. At the
level of society, reason emerges from laws enacted within the checks
and balances provided by the constitutional process?
THE FUTURE OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
http://www.inv.com/1q7rz.htm
*****This article talks about the development of civil societies and
liberal democracies.

#7 ?Watson's book is ultimately an attempt to recover liberal
democracy from its present ills. He looks to the founders of the
American Constitution, who "attempted to strike a salutary balance
between the claims of a dangerous modernity and an unworkable
classicism" (p. 170)?
Bradley C.S. Watson. Civil Rights and the Paradox of Liberal
Democracy. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-0038-6.
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=7605958142810
***** Once again, written less than 10 years ago, but quotes many on
liberal democracy through out the book older than 10 years. Some
quotes go back to the 1700?s

#8  An Image of Man for Liberal Democracy     - The Commonweal 12/30/1941
http://www.podmonkeyx.com/article.asp?Titles=25
*****Not a lot of source info on this one, but it?s a good read about the concept.

#9 ?That, of course, would come as news indeed to Gregory XVI or Pius
IX, nineteenth-century popes whose attitudes to ward liberal democracy
were rather ... chilly. At best. What has happened, between then and
now, to transform an official Catholic skepticism about democracy that
bordered on hostility into a Catholic endorsement of democracy that
not only threatens tyrants but actually helps to topple them??
Article # : 19107  Section : MODERN THOUGHT Issue Date : 1 / 1991 
9,248 Words Author : George Weigel
http://www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1991/january/Sa19107.htm
*****I personally think this article does a great job discussing some
of the religious/non religious support throughout time with the
catholic Church, Liberal Democracy, and the influences 1 had on the
other and vice versa.

#10 http://bookshop.blackwell.com/bobus/scripts/search_results.jsp

If you go to the Blackwell Bookshop, and do a search in the upper
right hand corner, for liberal democracy, it returns 47 books, of
which about 20 meet your period. I?ve attempted to post the URL of the
search, however, it times out, and so you may have to do the search
yourself. However, I think you?ll get a TON of information out of the
books that Blackwell lists

Especially These Books?.
Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy
On the Theory of Liberal Democracy
Edition New ed
Holmes, Stephen
Paperback
$17.00

Liberal Democracy and Political Science
Edition New ed
Ceaser, James W.
Paperback
$19.95

The Ethics of Liberal Democracy
Morality and Democracy in Theory and Practice
Churchill, Robert Paul
Churchill, Robert Paul
Hardback
$83.95

Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World
Ramazani, Rouhollah K.
Paperback
$28.95

So, there you go. 10+ sources more than 10 years old, that talks about
liberal democracy. If this answer requires further explanation, please
request clarification before rating it, and I'll be happy to look into
this further."

Nenna-GA
Google Answers Researcher


Google Search Used:
"liberal Democracy"
://www.google.com/search?q=%22liberal+democracy%22&num=100&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&c2coff=1&safe=off&start=100&sa=N

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Request for Answer Clarification by brentwill1-ga on 22 Apr 2004 12:50 PDT

I am trying to win an argument.  I have a conservative friend that has
it stuck in his head that the term "liberal democracy" is a conspiracy
by liberals to make the word liberal look better.  I want to prove
this thing wrong, for the simple reason that this refusal to accept
word meanings really bothers me.  However, I was wondering if you came
across anything a little older when you were searching that had the
term in it and was used as I defined it.  Most of what you have
provided me is just 10 years old.

---

Clarification of Answer by nenna-ga on 24 Apr 2004 15:04 PDT

brentwill1,

Thank you for your patience in letting me get back to you. As my
fellow researchers so graciously told you, I indeed did have a family
emergency, and not that things are settled, I can get back to everyone
here. I did some more looking around, and I have found 4 or 5 more
sources to add to the list that go back further than 10 or 2o years.

I did a Google search for "Liberal democracy" XXXX ( Each XXXX
standing for a random year in history).
://www.google.com/search?num=100&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&safe=off&c2coff=1&q=%22liberal+democracy%22+1950&btnG=Search


This essay talks about Jane Adams, who wrote through out the 1900's
about liberal democracy. All of the James Adams sources are cited at
the bottom of the essay if you would like to look further into her
ideas and thoughts
http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/2004_Conference/submissions/tp-11.htm

"The most successful examples are, of course, post-World War II
Germany, Italy, and Japan. The U.S. Army helped transform three
militaristic dictatorships into pillars of liberal democracy--one of
the most important developments of the twentieth century."
An article by CFR publications talks about liberal democracy after WW II.
http://www.cfr.org/pub6113/max_boot/liberal_imperialism.php

This PDF file talks about liberal democracy and Abraham Lincoln.
"Were the spread of slavery, the belief that slavery is a positive
good or a matter of moral
indifference, and the belief in a constitutional right of states to
secede natural and reasonable
consequences of the American founding? Or was the Civil War primarily
caused by the decay of
Americans? faith in their founding principles? Furthermore, does the
final resolution of the crisis
over slavery reflect primarily the strength of the original principles
of American liberal democracy
and of the Constitution or the greatness of Abraham Lincoln, the man
praised by Lord Charnwood as
?the greatest among those associated with the cause of popular government?"
http://www.davidson.edu/academic/political/web%20files/Courses/PDF%20files/POL456.syl.pdf

A revire of this book, which tells of the emergence of liberal
democracy in Vermont, from the late 1700's to the middle 1800's.
" Robert E. Shalhope. Bennington and the Green Mountain Boys: The
Emergence of Liberal Democracy in Vermont, 1760-1850. Baltimore and
London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. xiii + 412 pp. Maps,
notes, bibliography, and index. $49.95 (cloth), ISBN 0-8018-5335-4."
http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=16159914439770

This talks about liberal democray in America's great cities since the 1600's. 
"The future cannot lie in liberal democracy as we have known it.' To
ground his historical survey of the past four centuries, he chooses
five North American cities, concentrating on each one at a critical
point in its development as representative of the rise and consequent
disintegration of `liberal dreams': Philadelphia (in 1760), New York
(1860), Chicago (1910), Los Angeles (1950), and Toronto (1975)."
http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/671/limits16.html

There you go. Now that we have enough sources from early on to the
present, I'm sure you'll do fine with your debate. Thanks so much for
letting me clarify and target in on not only the whole question, but a
specific detail as well.

Nenna-GA
Google Answers Researcher.

Very good in the end.

The double speak meaning of liberal has changed radically in the USA
in resent decades. Liberal used to mean much the same as Libertarian
does today. Libertarian = liberty = freedom = lots less government =
abolish the income tax = make the government function on lots less
money.
 While most modern liberals will deny  this; they vote for government
in your face, socialism, quotas, set asides and other reverse
discrimination and a faciest approach to capitalism = government micro
managing.   Neil

I've been out of college a long, long time, but I recall having
learned that the term "liberal democracy" dates to the 19th century. I
believe James Mill, the father of John Stuart Mill, may have been the
first to use the term in print. Alexis de Toqueville also used this
phrase, as I recall.

This might be helpful:

"James Mill and Jeremy Bentham enunciate 'utilitarianism'. Marks the
beginnings of 'liberal-democratic' politics. But Mill and Bentham are
more inclined towards 'reformist interventionist state' than extending
franchise and citizenship. They are: 'Reluctant democrats'...

John Stuart Mill develops 'liberal-democratic' politics further. Mill
argues that voting and political participation is (morally) good for
people. Democratic politics given a positive value. Even complains
about 'The Subjection of Women'. But...voting to be weighted in favour
of the middle classes...

Max Weber advances views of liberal-democracy as a system of
'competitive elitism'. Launches a critique of socialisms."

SociologyOnline Politics Timeline
http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/politics/timeline.htm

Hello brentwill1-ga,

nenna-ga may be delayed in getting back to you with a clarification
because of an unavoidable situation. She asked fellow Researchers to
keep an eye out for her customers. Here are a few references to help
you prove that the term ?liberal democracy? has been in use for more
than a hundred years. I?m sure nenna-ga will be happy to clarify
further when she returns.

~ czh ~

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook17.html
Liberal Nationalism: The Nation as a Basis for Liberal Democracy

***** About a dozen citations ranging from 1806 to 1916.

-------------------------------------------------

http://www.podmonkeyx.com/article.asp?Titles=30&Searchstring=
Walter Lippmann: Categories
THE PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY 
Chapter 1 The Obscure Revolution
        Part 1 My Reason For Writing This Book

During the fateful summer of I938 I began writing a book in an effort
to come to terms in my own mind and heart with the mounting disorder
in our Western society. ? I began writing, impelled by the need to
make more intelligible to myself the alarming failure of the Western
liberal democracies to cope with the realities of this century. I had
done a draft of the book when the fall of France made it evident that
we, too, must soon be engaged and, moreover, engaged alone if the
Battle of Britain was lost..

-------------------------------------------------

http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:se-IazF0gXMJ:www.podmonkeyx.com/article.asp%3FTitles%3D19+The+Adversaries+of+Liberal+Democracy+&hl=en
THE PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY 
Chapter 7 The Adversaries of Liberal Democracy

Liberalism and Jacobinism     - The Public Philosophy 1955 
We are living in a time of massive popular counterrevolution against
liberal democracy. It is a reaction to the failure of the West to cope
with the miseries and anxieties of the Twentieth Century. The liberal
democracies have been tried and found wanting--found wanting not only
in their capacity to govern successfully in this period of wars and
upheavals, but also in their ability to defend and maintain the
political philosophy that underlies the liberal way of life.

If we go back to the beginnings of the modern democratic movements in
the eighteenth century, we can distinguish two diverging lines of
development. The one is a way of progress in liberal constitutional
democracy. The other is a morbid course of development into
totalitarian conditions,

-------------------------------------------------

http://www.podmonkeyx.com/categories.asp?publisher=9
An Image of Man for Liberal Democracy     - The Commonweal 12/30/1941

-------------------------------------------------

http://www.dailyobjectivist.com/Spir/ortegarandliberaldemocracy.asp
The Fountainhead of The Fountainhead? 
Ayn Rand's philosophical journal for May 16, 1934, begins with a
passage by the American journalist Alexander Wolcott contrasting the
cultural atmosphere of the Soviet Union with the West. It closes with
a passage copied out from the last chapter of The Revolt of the
Masses. Between them, Rand wrote two remarkable paragraphs:

Rand's second paragraph develops this theme: 

The fault of liberal democracies: giving full rights to quantity
(majorities), they forget the rights of quality, which are much higher
rights. Prove that differences of quality not only do exist
inexorably, but also should exist. The next step?democracy of
superiors only. This is not possible without a very high and very
powerful sense of honor. This, in turn, is not possible without a set
of values from which this honor is to be derived. The new set of
values: supreme egoism. (Journals, 74)

This paragraph also reflects Ortega's ideas and language. Like Ortega,
Rand is concerned with the crisis of "liberal democracy." Like Ortega,
Rand sees this crisis as the rise of the masses. Like Ortega, Rand
describes this as a conflict between the rights of "quality" and
"quantity" (cf. Revolt, 13-14). Like Ortega, Rand thinks that the
survival of liberal democracy depends upon rule by the best.

-------------------------------------------------

http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/index.jsp
The Liberal Democrat History Group promotes the discussion and
research of historical topics, particularly those relating to the
histories of the Liberal Democrats, Liberal Party, the SDP and of
liberalism.

***** Although this site is focused on the British Liberal Democratic
party many of the resources (especially the bibliography) may be
helpful to you in making your point to your friend.

Hi brentwell: I'll vote for government that adheres to your definition
of Liberal Democracy. The Libertarians come closest. We need to change
liberal rights to rights because of the frequent double speak meaning
of liberal. The only points that might be taken to dangerious extremes
are 1 "such as" allows a bunch of things not much like the examples 2
privacy to the extreme allows terrorists and other evil persons
unreasonable protection. 3 equal under the law is great unless that
means take from the rich and give to the poor, who will typically
waste the wealth of our nation on drugs, prostitues etc instead of
using wealth to creat jobs. 4 Tyrany of the majority has not been a
problem in resent decades except a handful of rich and powerful
internationalists have hoodwinked the majority into some dispicable
legislation, and buearucratic processes. I'm unsure how to deal with
that problem, so let's deleat mention of tyrany of the majority" The
institutions are part of the problem, so they should not be endorced
by government. With rare exceptions; big is bad! I would like to see
villages and niegborhoods isued charters of their own writing allowing
them to perform many of the functions of larger units of government,
with very miminal oversight. 5 Perhaps we should role back all
statutory laws to about the year 1800, and give juries the right to
amend the law on a one time basis where the jury feels the existing
laws apply unreasonably to the particular case. In any case, our
system of jurisprudence is excessively micro managing. Often the Law
should be "be nice" instead of trying to define nice in ten million
words or less. Lawyer, boo-hiss!   Neil

Thank you very much for your kind words, rating, and generousity.

Nenna-GA