Currently the 10-year treasury bond is at 4.544%. Let's say you have
$1000 invested, does that mean that after 10 years your total
investment outcome would be $1045.44 or $1454.40?

Hi standardcraig,

The total investment outcome would be $1,454.40.

Interest rates are generally quoted on an annual basis, not on the
basis of the term of the loan or bond, and that is the case here.  The
note would yield $45.44 per year for ten years.

For an introduction to bonds, I suggest:

http://www.investopedia.com/university/bonds/

--efn