Hi delaplla,
Thank you for another interesting question.
Zanzibar's Early History - 1815-1886
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/zanzibarpre1815.html
The Emergence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar - 1886-1918
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/zanzibar181586.html
The Emergence of British Rule, 1886-1918
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/zanzibar18861918.html
"1886, Britain and Germany signed a treaty according to which the
territory of the Sultanate of Zanzibar on the African continent was
split up between the Germans and the British; the island of Zanzibar
itself, with the island of Pemba was to remain independent.
In 1890, Germany and Britain signed another treaty. Germany recognized
Zanzibar and Pemba as located within the British sphere of interest,
and ceded German claims over WITULAND, BENADIR and UGANDA in exchange
for the much smaller and less populated island of HELIGOLAND, located
in the North Sea, as well as the CAPRIVI STRIP linking German South
West Africa with the Zambezi river.
The conception that Germany would have ceded Zanzibar to Britain in
the treaty of 1890 is a widespread misconception. Germany never
exercised a protectorate over Zanxibar and in 1890 only accepted the
establishment of a British protectorate over that hitherto independent
island sultanate.
The British treated Zanzibar as a protectorate. The dynasty of the
Sultans continued (now limited to Zanzibar and Pemba), advised by the
British consul general (until 1913), from then by the British
resident.
In 1914 World War I broke out; British/South African troops stationed
in Kenya and on Zanzibar and German troops stationed in German East
Africa facing each other. The island of MAFIA, part of German East
Africa, was occupied by the British navy in 1914. Until 1916 the
situation on the Kenyan/Tanganyikan border was a stalemate; then
British troops penetrated into German East Africa; German commander
VON LETTOW-VORBECK switched to guerilla warfare, holding out until the
war was over".
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German protectorate
http://flagspot.net/flags/tz-zz90.html
In 1884 Bismark claimed protectorate status over Zanzibar and its
mainland satellite Witu, but the Germans weren?t that interested in
either and transferred their suzerainty to Britain in 1890. This was
part of the (in)famous ?Scramble for Africa? in return for limiting
their aspirations in East Africa, the Germans gained Heligoland, the
North Sea island which the British had held since Napoleonic times.
Stuart Notholt, 1996 Jun 29
Zanzibar, Tanzania - Historical introduction
http://flagspot.net/flags/tz-zan.html
In the 18th-19th century, the Omanis expelled the Portuguese from the
eastern coast of Africa. In 1840, Sayd, sultan since 1804, transfered
his capital city from Musqat to Zanzibar, where he encouraged slave
traffic and clove tree cultivation. The two islands of Zanzibar and
Pemba belonged to the sultan of Oman until 1890. That year, Britain
imposed its protection on the islands in order to face the German
colonization of Tanganyika. The protectorate preserved the privileges
of the Arab minority and the sultan's rule over the interior affairs
of the country. In 1897, the abolition of slavery reduced the
commercial importance of Zanzibar, which moved to clove cultivation.
The inhabitants of Zanzibar were not British citizens but "protected"
by the colonial power, whose main duty was to control the foreign
affairs of the country. However, the protectors had to consider the
rivalry between the Afro-Shirazi majority and the Arab minority, as
well as quarrels among the African population (natives, Shirazis,
descendants of emancipated slaves, immigrants from continental Africa,
immigrants from the Comoros islands, etc.).
Britain attempted to shape the institutions. In 1914, a "Protectorate
Council" was created under the nominal presidence of the sultan. The
Council was composed of representatives of the colonial power and
councillors of the sultan. The duty of the Council was the interior
affairs of the country..In 1926, an Executive Council and a
Legislative Council were set up, but
the Africans were excluded from these Councils until 1945. The
educational and economical system preserved, anyway, the privileges of
the Arab minority, supported when required by the Asians of Indian
origin who controlled the economy of the country.
[edit]
Zanzibar was separated from Oman in 1861, and effectively controlled
by Britain after 1873 when the Royal Navy enforced the closure of the
slave market, and enlarged its base in the harbour from which it
operated patrols against slave traders.
1885. Germany claimed administrative responsibility for Zanzibar,
presumably on the grounds that both the main islands, Zanzibar and
Pemba, lay off the coast of German East Africa, parts of which had
previously been included in the Sultan of Zanzibar's mainland
territories.
1890. Treaty of Berlin signed on 1 July. Germany withdrew her claim
over Zanzibar and Witu (Sultan's mainland territories occupied by
Britain), in exchange for Heligoland. Britain declared Zanzibar a
British protected state.
There was no special British flag associated with Zanzibar at this
time, as Zanzibar was the responsibility of the Foreign Office. It
was transferred to the Colonial Office in 1914 and the Resident's flag
introduced in 1918.
1918 amendment to 1916 Admiralty Flag Book: Zanzibar. Dhow, red flag
at stern, imperial crown above.
Naval Letters 9075/18 and 31236/18.
Best regards,
tlspiegel |
