Hi,
Charcoal has a large field of play. As the commenter below suggests,
your question before is not able to be found, so I was not certain of
your primary usage and goals for this substance. I tried to cover a
great deal of ground and give you some of the more stringent methods
of testing currently employed (since aditya2k-ga has already posted a
more general QC referance for you), as well as some other articles you
might be interested in. If these do not cover your need, please post a
clarification and I will attempt to narrow the field of search to
something more precise.
Methods of Manufacturing:
Charcoal is produced by heating wood under limited access of oxygen
... charcoal is produced commercially from primary wood-processing
residues and low quality roundwood in either kilns or continuous
furnaces; a kiln is used if the raw material is in the form of
roundwood, sawmill slabs or edgings; in the US, most kilns are
constructed of poured concrete... sawdust, shavings, or milled wood
and bark are converted to charcoal in a continuous multiple-hearth
furnace commonly referred to as a Herreshoff furnance.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V24 603]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF WOOD
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th
ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 248]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LOW-GRADE CHARCOAL, USED PRIMARILY AS DOMESTIC FUEL, CAN BE PRODUCED
BY OPEN METHOD FROM TIGHTLY PACKED HEAP OF CHOPPED LOGS. ABOUT 24 HR
AFTER IGNITION, THE BURNING HEAP OF LOGS IS EXTINGUISHED & CHARCOAL IS
READY FOR USE. HIGHER-GRADE MATERIAL /CHARCOAL/ IS PRODUCED IN CLOSED
METHOD. WOOD TIGHTLY PACKED INTO PIT OR FURNACE & COVERED WITH
SAWDUST...FUEL IS LIT & FURNACE OR PIT IS SEALED. ... MODERN
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION /IS/...BY CONTINUOUS PROCESS IN RETORT OR TUNNEL
KILN.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and
Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971.
281]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADES: TECHNICAL... /CHARCOAL, WOOD/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th
ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 249]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The approximate analysis of charcoal is ca 20-25% volatile matter,
70-75% fixed carbon, and 5% ash
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V24 603]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The carbon content of retort charcoal is 78-90 wt%...this carbon is a
finely crystalline type of graphite...in addition to carbon, charcoal
contains between 10% and 18% hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...the
inorganic components comprise 1-2%; the water content depends on the
temperature and the relative humidity of air...it varies between 5%
and 8%
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to
Present.,p. VA6 158]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
50% AS A FUEL IN OUTDOOR COOKING; 40% IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; &
10% IN MISC APPLICATIONS (1956)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
In the US, 95% of the production is used for barbecuing, with only 5%
needed for industrial purposes
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to
Present.,p. VA6 157]**PEER REVIEWED**
Links of Interest
HSDB --- Charcoal
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~AAA1ja4hA:1
Proceedings of the 24th DOE/NRC Nuclear Air Cleaning and ...
http://tis.eh.doe.gov/hepa/Nureg_24th/sess9e.pdf
NRC .. Laboratory Testing of Nuclear-grade Activated Charcoal
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1999/secy1999-132/1999-132scy.html
NRC -- ( Use Search for Charcoal)
http://www.nrc.gov/
Emission Standards for Soot and Dust, and NOx
http://www.env.go.jp/en/lar/regulation/air4.html
Business Wire : Unique Mexican Charcoal
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0EIN/2001_August_14/77184373/p1/article.jhtml?term=Manufacturing+Activated+Charcoal
Thanks,
webadept-ga |