Hello, cwbrd,
Thanks again for your patience. Here is what I have found for the
following specialties.
********************************
INFECTIOUS DISEASES SPECIALISTS
********************************
This is the one specialty that has a total lack of information
concerning shortages or projected needs within the United States. I
ran across numerous articles about the lack of infectious disease
specialists in "other" countries, but U.S. information is absent.
A 2003 interview with Dr. Timothy Babinchak sheds some light on how
the Infectious Disease specialty has recently gained renewed
importance and recognition in light of the emergence of HIV, SARS and
other deadly diseases. This relatively recent recognition of the
importance of the ID specialist may be why there is little statistical
information about this specialty.
SS: "Has your job changed a lot since9/11?"
TB: "Oh, absolutely; for those of us in infectious diseases, the job
has changed significantly. We have a much higher profile now. In
infectious diseases, you know you are doing your job correctly when no
one knows you are there. When I was going into medical school, there
was an editorial, I think it was by Petersdorf, who wrote that ID as a
specialty was dead, because now we had antibiotics that could take
care of most of the infections. Then within two years, AIDS was
identified. So the ID clinician took on a whole new role in the
medical world.
From "The Changing Role of the Infectious Disease Specialist: A
Conversation with Timothy Babinchak, MD." by Sonja Sherritze, Editor,
P& T.Vol. 28 No. 10, October 2003
http://www.ptcommunity.com/ptjournal/fulltext/28/10/PTJ2810660.pdf
==
This is all I could find about shortages (for what it is worth!!)
"To say that infectious disease specialists (and there are not enough
of them) are worried is to engage in understatement."
"The National Institutes of Health have been receiving more money for
its previously languishing infectious disease research programs, but
thousands of new infectious disease specialists across the entire
continuum of challenges need to be trained."
"Zoonotic Diseases." The Nader Page. June 21, 2003
http://www.nader.org/interest/062103.html
==
From an abstract for "Homeland Insecurity: Building the Expertise to
Defend America from Bioterrorism. July 2003:
"This report.. describes the declining number of biodefense experts in
the U.S. government. With many retirements and insufficient
recruitment efforts, the shrinking number of federal geneticists,
** infectious disease specialists, **
and epidemiologists makes the nation more vulnerable to a biological attack."
From the MIPT library
http://www.mipt.org/Anthrax.asp?RecordType=
==
Infrastructure
There does appear to be a lack of funding for the infrastructure
needed to deal with the renewed emergence of infectious diseases in
the United States. To read about this aspect, please see:
"The Global Threat of Infectious Diseases," by Dorothy Wright. S&T
http://www.brynmawr.edu/sandt/2004_may/
=
Also see "Fact Sheet: U.S. Leads APEC Efforts to Combat Infectious Disease."
http://japan.usembassy.gov/e/p/tp-ec0280.html
****************
RHEUMATOLOGISTS
****************
"The problem, instead, is that there simply aren't enough
rheumatologists. These doctors, who are specially qualified and
trained to treat arthritis and related diseases, virtually don't exist
in small towns. And if you're fortunate enough to live in a
metropolitan area with a lot of them, you may find, as Parnell did,
that a lot of other people are trying to see them, too."
"Jack Klippel, MD, medical director of the Arthritis Foundation, can't
help but see the irony in the shortage. In recent years, research has
shown that early, aggressive treatment can prevent some of the
long-term damage of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory
forms of the disease. "We promote early diagnosis and early,
aggressive treatment," Dr. Klippel says. "But it's difficult to get
early anything when there's not a doctor around, or when every doctor
in town is too booked up to see you for months."
"The shortage of rheumatologists is not a new problem. As far back as
a decade ago the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) was concerned
enough about a possible lack of rheumatologists -- as evidenced by a
growing number of "help wanted" ads for rheumatologists, overbooked
physicians and long waits by patients to see them -- that it
commissioned a study to look at the current and future needs in the
subspeciality. Indeed the 1990 study, which was published in ACR's
journal, Arthritis & Rheumatism, did find rheumatologists lacking.
According to estimates based on the prevalence of arthritis and
related diseases, there was a need at that time for 5,619 of the
specialists to meet the needs of the some 37.9 million people with
arthritis or a related disease. At that time there were about 3,200
practicing rheumatologists in the United States."
"At the same time the number of rheumatology trainees was declining,
older rheumatologists were retiring and the number of people with
arthritis was growing. Based on the increasing numbers of people with
arthritis, the 1990 ACR report predicted a need for some 6,466
rheumatologists in 2000. Now, 10 years later, there are just over half
that many rheumatologists. If current trends continue, by the year
2010, the number of U.S. rheumatologists could be as low as 2,500, Dr.
Hahn told a meeting of the ACR last fall as her term as president
ended. In an address to the professional society, she told members,
"Our tomorrow is seriously threatened by a looming shortage in
workforce."
From "Where Have All the Doctors Gone?" by Mary Anne Dunkin. Arthritis
Today (2000)
http://www.arthritis.org/resources/arthritistoday/2000_archives/2000_09_10_doctors.asp
==
From a powerpoint presentation ( Click on webpage to move slides )
"Rheumatic diseases are very common
"75 million people in US with musculoskeletal complaints"
"14% of office visits"
"19% of inpatient illness"
"2% of GNP: $ 65 billion annually"
** rheumatologists: ~ 1 needed per 100,000 population
** SEE SLIDE ON "PROJECTED SHORTAGE OF RHEUMATOLOGISTS (Hahn, 1999)
(Slide shows that by 2010, 8000 rheumatologists are expected to be
needed with less than 3000 available to fill the slots)
From "The Educator as a Mentor," by Barbara E. Ostrov, MD
http://www.hmc.psu.edu/pediatricresidency/faculty/Educator%20as%20a%20Mentor%206-16-04_files/6-16-04%20Educator%20as%20Mentor.ppt
==
Pediatric Rheumatologists:
"More than 150,000 children in the United States are affected by
rheumatic diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lupus,
dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and systemic vasculitis. Because of a
shortage of pediatric rheumatologists in the country, a majority of
these children are not followed by pediatricians trained in the
subspecialty, often leading to improper diagnosis and treatment."
"The shortage of pediatric rheumatologists means that when a child
suffers from a rheumatic disease, they are often treated by adult
rheumatologists or general physicians,? said Dr. Higgins, pediatric
rheumatologist at Columbus Children?s Hospital and associate professor
of pediatrics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine and
Public Health. ?Infants and children of all ages can be affected by
rheumatic disorders, and often their symptoms mimic those of other
illnesses. Pediatric rheumatologists are not only trained to make
appropriate diagnoses, but are also adept in addressing issues that
are different from those in adults, such as limitations as the
children grow."
"Currently in the U.S., there are only 160 board-certified pediatric
rheumatologists, with many concentrated in big cities."
From "Shortage of pediatric rheumatologists often leads to improper
diagnosis and treatment." Child Health News. 10-Oct-2004
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=5449
*********************
GERIATRIC PHYSICIANS
*********************
"According to an article in the Sacramento Bee, a health care crisis
is looming for America's rapidly aging population: a shortage of
physicians trained in geriatrics, called geriatricians."
"The 76 million baby boomers triggered an explosion in the number of
pediatricians in the 1950s, but they have yet to generate a similar
rise in the number of geriatricians."
"Just as children have special health needs, so do aging adults. But a
study by the Merck Institute of Aging and Health found that only half
of primary care physicians surveyed believe their colleagues can
adequately treat common geriatric conditions. The Alliance for Aging
Research said the number of geriatricians needs to double from 10,000
to 20,000."
From "Nation Facing Shortage of Geriatric Specialists." Written By:
ElderLawAnswers.com. Last updated: Dec 2, 2002.
http://www.elderlawanswers.com/resources/s4/r34049.asp
==
"The shortage of geriatric-trained health care professionals is
reaching crisis levels," said Sen. John Breaux, D-La., chairman of the
Senate's Special Committee on Aging."
"The United States should have 20,000 geriatric-trained physicians to
adequately care for the 35 million older people in this country, says
the Alliance for Aging Research, an advocacy group. But fewer than
9,000 of the nation's 650,000 licensed physicians have met the
qualifying criteria in geriatrics and that number is expected to drop
to as few as 6,100 by 2004, the alliance said in a recent report.
Reasons for the shortage vary and include a lack of geriatric
curriculum at medical schools. But officials say topping the list is
Medicare's paltry payments for doctors who care for the elderly."
"The problem is coming just as the number of older Americans - those
65 and older - is expected to more than double to 70 million by the
year 2030."
From "Elderly face shortage of geriatric doctors." USA Today. May 6, 2002
http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/shortgeriatric.htm
==
"The paper, Who Cares for Older Adults: Workforce Implications of an
Aging Society, measures the capacity of medical, nursing and other
programs to train students in geriatrics at the undergraduate and
graduate levels as well as the capacity of the current supply of
health care practitioners to care for the aged. In 2002, out of 7,765
accredited specialty programs, a mere ninety-seven were in geriatric
medicine. Of these 97 programs, there are 333 resident slots, which
make up less than 0.3 percent of all resident slots reported by the
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Of the more than
half-million licensed physicians practicing in the United States,
fewer than 9,000 have met qualifying criteria in geriatrics--which
amounts to roughly 2.5 geriatricians to every 10,000 older adults."
From "Geriatric Education: Number of Workforce Physicians and
Healthcare Practitioners Deemed Inadequate." American Medical
Directors Association. Nov. 2002.
http://www.amda.com/federalaffairs/newsletters/november2002/geriatrics.htm
==
2000 article:
"Today there are about 9,000 board-certified geriatricians, with only
100 to 200 new ones each year. By 2030, there will be more than twice
as many people over 65 as there are today. AGS predicts that 36,000
geriatricians, or at least IMs or FPs with geriatric training, will be
needed then to handle special geriatric medical issues."
From "Geriatricians Paid Much Like Internists; Shortage May Develop as
Boomers Age." Physician Compensation Report, Oct 11, 2000
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FBW/is_16_1/ai_66170453
******************
ENDOCRINOLOGISTS
******************
"The number of endocrinologists being trained is insufficient to
maintain access to endocrinologist services at current levels, 12%
lower than demand."
"The number of endocrinologists entering the market has continuously
fallen over the previous 5 years, from 200 in 1995 to 171 in 1999.
Even if this downward trend were abruptly stopped, the model predicts
that demand will exceed supply from now until 2020. While this gap
narrows from 2000 to 2008 due to projected growth of managed care, it
widens thereafter due to the aging of both the population and the
endocrine workforce. Inclusion of other factors such as projected real
income growth and increased prevalence of age-related endocrine
disorders (e.g., diabetes and osteoporosis) further accentuates the
deficit. If the number of endocrinologists entering the workforce
remains at 1999 levels, demand will continue to exceed supply from now
through 2020 for adult endocrinologists, and the gap will widen
progressively from 2010 onward."
From "Major Shortage of Endocrinologists in the United States." Defeat
Diabetes (Source: Diabetes In Control Dot Com: Diabetes Care 2003
May;26(5):1545-1552.)
http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/Articles/care030508.htm
==
"Endocrinologists, the doctors called upon to diagnose and treat
complex hormonal disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease,
osteoporosis, obesity and infertility, are already in short supply,
and that shortage will grow even worse over the coming years,
according to a study jointly commissioned by the American Association
of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American Diabetes Association
(ADA), The Endocrine Society."
"The study, conducted by the Lewin Group, predicts that already-long
delays in getting appointments with these specialists will rise by
2020 unless the number of new endocrinologists entering the field
increases. According to the study, the current supply of
endocrinologists is 12 percent less than demand. What's more, the
number of endocrinologists entering practice dropped from 200 in 1995
to 171 in 1999--a decline of nearly 15 percent. Increasing pressures
on medical practices, such as administrative burdens, low
reimbursement rates, and lessening autonomy, are also likely to
increase retirement rates among practicing endocrinologists,
contributing to the shortage."
"As our population ages and the complexity of medicine increases, the
need for endocrinologists to treat patients with diabetes, thyroid
disorders, and other hormonal disorders will increase," said Dr.
Robert Vigersky, the Chairman of The Endocrine Society's Clinical
Affairs Committee and the corresponding author of the study. "This
study demonstrates that the current supply of endocrinologists is
insufficient and will remain far short of the need for them until 2020
and beyond. While the reasons for this shortage are multifactorial, it
is critical that we look for ways to meet the demand so that patients
can receive the care that they need and deserve."
Read "Study Projects Growing Shortage of Doctors - Specialists Who
Treat Diabetes, Infertility, and Obesity in Short Supply as Need
Grows." American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. (2003)
http://www.aace.com/pub/press/releases/2003/index.php?r=20030425
==
"Currently, there are about 3,500 practicing endocrinologists in the
United States, many of whom specialize in thyroid or other glandular
problems and do not see many patients with diabetes. In addition, the
average age among this group of physicians is over 40; large numbers
of them are retiring or leaving practice for other pursuits."
"Fewer than 80 endocrinologists complete their training and join the
profession each year! If current trends continue, I estimate that the
number of true diabetes specialists will fall below 2,000 by the year
2020."
From "The diabetes specialist - an "endangered species," by Robert J.
Tanenberg. Diabetes Forecast, July, 2002.
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0817/is_7_55/ai_87412613
**************
PSYCHIATRISTS
**************
There is some disagreement about workforce projections as the
following references will show.
1997 numbers:
"The number of psychiatrists needed in the future is a subject of
debate within APA. Some such as APA President Harold Eist, M.D.,
maintain that there is a shortage of psychiatrists, while others
contend the profession is headed toward a surplus."
"APA Vice President Allan Tasman, M.D., chair of the department of
psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Louisville,
told Psychiatric News that he believes there is "no nationwide
evidence that there is a surplus" of psychiatrists. "In certain
geographic areas and in certain managed care systems, it is tight,"
Tasman said. In other areas of the country and among many subgroups of
the population, however, there is a shortage of psychiatrists, he
said."
"Tasman added that it is not necessarily true that American medical
students are "voting with their feet" by entering specialties other
than psychiatry. "The fact is that certain schools do very, very well
in attracting students to psychiatry," Tasman said. "I think it is
possible to increase the number of American graduates entering the
profession."
James Shore, M.D., chair of APA's Council on Medical Education and
Career Development, called the stabilization in numbers of American
graduates entering psychiatry "encouraging." "Our field is stable," he
said. "I think it is too early to make any clear, long-term
predictions."
* See the following APA Statement on Workforce Needs (1997) - APA's
Board of Trustees last month approved the following statement
regarding the future workforce in psychiatry:
"Previous federal government reports have identified psychiatry, and
especially child psychiatry, as shortage medical specialties. Given
that there has been no substantial change in the size of the
psychiatric workforce since those studies, and given the projected
prevalence of psychiatric illness in the coming decades, there is no
justification for a shift in policies that might serve to destabilize
the size of the psychiatric workforce. Further, there is substantial
evidence of unmet clinical and research needs in specific populations
and areas, e.g., children; the elderly; members of certain racial,
ethnic, and cultural communities; those in rural areas; those living
in poverty; those in forensic settings; those with developmental
disabilities and psychiatric illness; and the chronic mentally ill,
which indicates a need for greater access to psychiatrists."
From "Psychiatry Gains 3.13% in 1997 Match Over Last Year."
Psychiatric News, April 18, 1997.
http://www.psych.org/pnews/97-04-18/match.html
==
2003:
"Several national and state studies have noted significant shortages
of psychiatrists, clinical social workers, and other mental health
professionals. Nationally, the Council on Graduate Medical Education
projects that only 50 percent of the need for psychiatrists in the
country will be met with the current levels of graduates from
residency programs. A study three years ago by the North Carolina AHEC
Program found similar results, with shortages particularly acute for
child and geriatric psychiatrists. As a result of these shortages,
there is some concern that as psychiatrists move from employment in
the public sector to private practice, they will be less willing to
accept public patients, since there will be plenty of clinical work
for them in private practice. Already, communities across the state
are seeing increasing numbers of psychiatrists refusing to see
Medicaid patients due to low reimbursement levels."
From "Workforce Demands of Mental Health Reform," by Thomas J. Bacon,
DrPH and Karen D. Stallings, RN, MEd. NC Med J September/October 2003,
Volume 64, Number 5.
http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/sept-oct-03/ar090311.pdf
==
Also see:
"Economic Grand Rounds: Is There a Shortage of Psychiatrists?," by
William Goldman, M.D. Psychiatr Serv 52:1587-1589, December 2001
http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/52/12/1587
==
Concerning psychiatrists specializing in adolescent psychiatry:
"Teens who sink into depression often face an unexpected hurdle to
finding help: a nationwide shortage of specialized psychiatrists." In
Silicon Valley, youths typically wait four to five months for their
first appointment with a private-sector child and adolescent
psychiatrist. The long wait may lead to incorrect medication by
doctors or self-medication with drugs or alcohol, experts say. ``We
have the paradox of children in one of the wealthiest counties in the
United States suffering emotionally without much recourse to help,''
said Dr. David Arredondo, medical director of EMQ Children and Family
Services, a major provider of mental health services for youth in
Northern California."
** "The shortage exists across the country, as the extra years and
cost of training and low insurance reimbursements deter medical
students from entering the field, according to the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry."
From "Shortage of psychiatrists specializing in teenagers delays
treatment," by Nicole C. Wong. Mercury News. July 18, 2004
http://www.emq.org/press/inthenews/mercury_0704/
==
"The U.S. Bureau of Health Professions projects that at current
recruitment levels, the nation will have only two-thirds of child and
adolescent psychiatrists needed to meet the demand by 2020--8,312
child psychiatrists versus a need for 12,624."
"A "severe maldistribution" of practicing child psychiatrists further
exacerbates the problem. While Massachusetts has 17.5 child and
adolescent psychiatrists per 100,000 youths, West Virginia has only
1.3, and the national average is 7.5."
From "Child Psychiatry Faces Workforce Shortage," by William Kanapaux.
Psychiatric Times March 2004, Vol. XXI Issue 3
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p040301a.html
==
Also see "Status of Work Force and Prevalence Issues for Child and
Adolescent Psychiatrists." AACAP WORK FORCE DATA SHEET
http://www.aacap.org/training/workforce.htm
************
PODIATRISTS
************
"There is currently a shortage of podiatrists in the United States."
From "Michigan Tech Health Professions." Michigan Tech Biological Sciences.
http://www.bio.mtu.edu/pre_health/
==
"A podiatrist may specialize in podiatric surgery, orthopedics and
biomechanics, podiatric medicine, podopediatrics, podogeriatrics, or
podiatric sports medicine."
"There is currently a shortage of podiatrists, and as our population
increases its interest in sports and exercising, and as the number of
older people increases, the need for podiatrists is predicted to
increase even more."
From "Careers in Healthcare." Xavier College of Arts and Sciences.
http://www.xavier.edu/health_advising/careers.cfm
==
"There are more than 1,400 podiatric shortage areas in the United
States; 2,300 counties in America have no podiatrists at all. It is
estimated that the United States should have 6.2 podiatrists per
100,000 population to meet needs; we now have 4 podiatrists per
100,000. The current emphasis on physical fitness and recreation
combined with the growing population of the elderly are creating a new
demand for podiatric physicians. There is only 1 podiatrist for every
23,000 Americans, compared with 1 M.D. for every 600 and 1 dentist for
every 2,000. When newer areas of podiatric practice - such as sports
medicine - are combined with the growth of traditional areas
(podogeriatrics, orthopedics, podiatric surgery, etc.) it is estimated
that the number of podiatrists will have to double in the coming
decade to meet the demand for podiatric health care. Podiatric
medicine is the third fastest-growing occupation in the United States
among those professions that require a college education."
"There are seven colleges of podiatric medicine in the United States;
in fact, these are the only ones in the whole world! Their total
enrollment is approximately 2,400 and they admit 550-650 new students
each year. In 2001, 41% of the applicants and 43% of the first year
students were women. Minority students represent 38% of all
applicants."
From "Podiatric Medicine."
http://www.oglethorpe.edu/faculty/~d_schadler/podiatric_medicine.htm
==
"What is the Future of Podiatric Medicine?"
"There are approximately 14,000 licensed podiatrists in the United
States. Over the next 8-10 years, many of the "baby boomer"
podiatrists will reach retirement age and leave practice. These
podiatrists entered practice at a time when class sizes at the
colleges of podiatric medicine were large (over 600 graduates per
year). In recent years, class sizes of most programs in the country
have been much smaller (the class of 2006 has 414 students - more than
either the class of 2004 or 2005); therefore, as these "baby boomer"
podiatrists leave practice, they will not be replaced in the pipeline
by a similar number of graduating podiatrists. This will result in an
overall reduction in the number of practicing podiatrists."
"The U.S. Department of Labor projected in 2001 a 10-20 percent
increase in the need for new podiatrists through 2008."
From "Midwestern University - Arizona Podiatric Medicine Program."
http://www.midwestern.edu/Glendale/FAQs_azpod.pdf
******************
FAMILY PHYSICIANS
******************
A 2004 Overview from the AAFP:
* "Family physicians are the backbone of America's health
infrastructure. If we wish to continue the production of these
critical participants in our health care system, we need to continue
and increase support for Section 747 training programs."
* "A family physician treats one out of every 4 patients in the US. In
fact, more than 210 million office visits are made to family
physicians each year. This is 76 million more than any other medical
specialty."
* "More than 12 times as many people are seen in primary care
physicians' offices in the US as in hospitals. The statistics are
similar for children."
* "More Americans depend on family physicians than any other medical
specialty. Without family physicians, the majority of US counties
would become Health Professions Shortage Areas."
* "Family physicians are the main source of primary health care for
the Medicare population. Sixty percent of people aged 65 and older
identify a family doctor as their usual source of care. In addition,
rural and Hispanic seniors are more likely to identify a family doctor
as their source of care."
* "Nearly one-half of the physicians who staff the nation's Community
Health Centers are family physicians. Since 1971, the National Health
Service Corps has placed more than 18,000 health care providers in
underserved areas: almost half of the NHSC doctors were family
physicians."
* "82 percent of Americans have a "usual source of medical care" and
the majority of them name a family physician."
From "Training Family Physicians for the Future." American Academy of
Family Physicians. May 2004 http://www.aafp.org/x20018.xml
==
"..the current U.S. health care system does not sufficiently support
family medicine and primary care through training, research funding or
reimbursement. As a result, the number of U.S. medical school
graduates choosing family medicine has declined nearly 50 percent
since 1997, with fewer than 10 percent of U.S. medical graduates now
choosing family medicine."
"We have to address how to make the specialty more appealing to
medical students as a career choice and more responsive to patient
needs in today's ever-changing health care system," Martin said. "The
time has come for family medicine to take a leadership role on behalf
of the millions of patients - from infants to the elderly - family
doctors care for every day. If we don't take action now, we will very
soon face an alarming shortage of family physicians to care for
patients who want and need care."
From "Two-year Study Produces Recommendations to Transform and Renew
Family Medicine." American Academy of Family Physicians.
http://www.futurefamilymed.org/x26829.html
==
"Family physicians are not satisfied with the results of current
payment arrangements in the US, as they undervalue family medicine and
primary care in general; too often family physicians are unable to
provide the care they think their patients need.5 Through research and
deliberations by their national organisations, family physicians have
concluded that,
* without significant changes in both the way they practise and the
way family medicine is financed, family medicine in the US will
probably become untenable in 10-20 years."
From "How family physicians are funded in the United States," by Larry
A Green. MJA 2004; 181 (2): 113-114
http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_02_190704/gre10179_fm.html
==
Declining interest in family practice:
"Despite some gains in the 1990s, the number of graduates seeking
family medicine residencies has dropped by about 50% since 1997. Fewer
than 10% of all U.S. medical school graduates picked family medicine
in 2003."
Residencies
Offered Filled
1992 2,486 1,398 (56%)
1993 2,589 1,636 (63%)
1994 2,774 1,850 (67%)
1995 2,941 2,081 (71%)
1996 3,137 2,276 (73%)
1997 3,262 2,340 (72%)
1998 3,293 2,179 (66%)
1999 3,265 2,024 (62%)
2000 3,206 1,833 (57%)
2001 3,096 1,516 (49%)
2002 2,983 1,413 (47%)
2003 2,940 1,234 (42%)
2004 2,884 1,198 (42%)
Source: National Resident Matching Program.
From "Family physicians told to evolve so specialty can survive," by
Damon Adams, AMNews staff. April 12, 2004.
http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2004/04/12/prl20412.htm
==
An older article from 1989 has some good projections and estimates,
but they may be outdated.
Please see "Family physicians: supply and demand," by Marjorie A.
Bowman. Public Health Reports, May-June, 1989
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0835/is_n3_v104/ai_7670531
==
Also read "The Case for Family Practice.
http://www.psot.com/fam_prac.htm
==
I hope this information is helpful. If you would like me to refine my
search for Infectious Disease Specialists in some manner, please let
me know. I may be able to find some better information if I tackle it
from a different angle.
I will begin to tackle your other question! I'll hope to have an answer soon.
Sincerely,
umiat
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