Hello Stephaniestone1,
Which drugs are safe and appropriate for you is a decision to be
made between you and your doctor. I have found plenty of information,
most of which is not promising ? it seems most bipolar medications
carry some degree of teratogenicity (causes birth defects). From my
research, it appears that Haldol and Prozac (an antidepressant) are
some of the safest. If you are not already pregnant, your doctor may
want to switch medications before you conceive.
?Prozac does not appear to increase the risk of any birth
complications in baby. The other SSRIs also show no increased risks of
major fetal malformations after preliminary studies and are assumed
safe medications for pregnancy. There are some suggestions that SSRIs
taken around the time of delivery may increase the possibility of
prenatal syndromes including tremor, restlessness, and increased
crying.?
http://www.epigee.org/mental_health/meds_pregnancy.html
?When deciding whether one should or should not take medications
during pregnancy a risk benefit analysis needs to be done. Each
medication has its on risks and the known efficious mood-stabilizers
all have significant risks. Tegretol and Depakote have been associated
with neural tube defects such as Spina bifida. Lithium has been
associated with a cardiac anomaly known as Ebsteins' anomaly. Lamictal
and Neurontin which are also thought to have some mood stabilizing
properties have not been studied in pregnancy. The calcium channel
blockers were thought at one time to have a potential to be helpful as
mood stabilizers but really have not panned out and are generally not
used at this time.
The course of your Bipolar disorder may also dictate whether or not
you could be off of medications for a short time especially during the
first trimester when the majority of the fetus' organs are developing.
You also need to know the risk of transmittng bipolar disorder to your
child. These are just some of the questions that should be addressed
prior to getting pregnant. Please discuss this issue in depth with
your treating psychiatrist. By the way, the longer a medication is out
, the more information about its safety in pregnancy we have.
Sincerely,
HFHS MD-JM?
http://www.medhelp.org/forums/mentalhealth/messages/31086.html
?If any mood stabilizer is being used in the first trimester of
pregnancy, consider folic acid supplements with anticonvulsants, and
also monitor for teratogenicity using appropriate investigations. Mood
stabilizer dose may need to be raised to maintain a therapeutic serum
level as the blood and fluid volume increases during pregnancy. It is
advisable to gradually discontinue medication, if this is appropriate
clinically, about four weeks before delivery. If the mood stabilizer
is being continued during delivery, the doses need to be reduced
drastically in order to avoid the toxicity caused by decreasing blood
and fluid volumes immediately following childbirth. (Altshuler et al,
1996; Cohen et al, 1995; Stowe et al, 1995). The newborn should also
be monitored for and protected from toxicity from mood stabilizers.?
http://www.mentalhealth.com/rx2/bp-can1.html#Head_9
?First-Generation Antipsychotic Medications
First-generation antipsychotic medications continue to play a major
role in the acute treatment of mania. Since they have a longer history
of use than many mood stabilizers, their effect on pregnant women is
better documented. Some health care professionals suggest that a
woman's medication be switched from lithium or an anticonvulsant to a
first-generation antipsychotic medication for either the entire
pregnancy or the first trimester. The switch appears to be especially
beneficial for women who have benefited from mood stabilization with
these medications in the past. First-generation antipsychotic
medications may also be useful to women who elect to stop medication
therapy during pregnancy but experience a recurrence of symptoms while
pregnant. Though studies are small, no adverse effects have been noted
in the majority of cases where women take first-generation
antipsychotic medications and breast-feed.?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/women_pregnancy_3.asp
?Ceasing medications associated with teratogenicity from
pre-conception until the end of the first trimester and tapering off
medications from week 36 to 38 are
controversial decisions, which may be considered for some women. The
imperative to discontinue individual medications is clearly greater
with some agents, such as valproate and carbamazepine.?
http://www.bentham.org/cds/samples/cds1-1/Dodd.pdf
?A review of research about various medications used in bipolar
disorder led researchers to the following conclusions: Lithium and
first-generation antipsychotics (e.g., Haldol, Thorazine) are
preferred mood stabilizers because they consistently show minimal
risks to the fetus.?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/women_pregnancy_3.asp
The FDA, as published in the PDS, lists drugs and there categories in
relation to pregnancy:
Category Interpretation
A Controlled studies show no risk
B No evidence of risk in humans
C Risk cannot be ruled out
D Positive evidence of risk
X Contraindicated in pregnancy
?Most psychotropics are category ?C? or ?D,? which imply a chance of
harm to the exposed fetus. Category ?B? drugs would appear safer, but
this rating could simply indicate a lack of adequate human data or
that no data have shown harm in animals.
Moreover, a category ?D? drug may be chosen more often during
pregnancy than a category ?C? drug. This may occur when more human
data exist on using the category ?D? drug in patients with a
particular disorder (such as using lithium versus valproate or
olanzapine in pregnant bipolar women).
No psychotropics are classified as ?A,? meaning either some risks are
associated with every psychotropic or the risk of some agents has not
been adequately explored. Furthermore, no psychotropics are
FDA-approved for use during pregnancy.?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/Bipolar/women_pregnancy_5_Tb1.pdf
?All currently available psychopharmacologic agents and their
metabolites cross the placenta, principally by simple diffusion.6 The
specific fetal serum levels are unknown, but they may be higher than
maternal levels.6 Medications can potentially affect the fetus in
several ways: structural teratogenesis (birth defects), behavioral
teratogenesis, and perinatal syndromes.?
?Lithium, valproic acid (Depakene), and carbamazepine (Tegretol) are
commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Unfortunately, all
of these agents are known teratogens.23 Exposure to lithium in the
first trimester is associated with a tenfold increase in Ebstein's
anomaly, a condition of hypoplasia of the right ventricle and
tricuspid valve abnormalities, from a baseline risk of one in 20,000
to, at most, one in 1,000.23 There have been reports of a perinatal
syndrome of cyanosis and hypotonicity (Table 1)3,8-10; one follow-up
study did not find evidence of behavioral teratogenicity after lithium
exposure.9
Valproic acid and carbamazepine have been associated with a marked
(tenfold) increase in neural tube defects with first-trimester
exposure, with incidences of 1 to 5 percent and 0.5 to 1.0 percent,
respectively.23 Oral clefts have also been associated with
first-trimester exposure.23 Data on neurobehavioral effects are
conflicting, but no major effects have been identified.?
This site has much more information that I am able to post. (Copyright
restrictions.) Please check the entire web page.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020815/629.html
Lithium (brand names Eskalith, Lithobid, Lithonate)
====================================================
?For many people, lithium is a mainstay of their treatment for bipolar
disorder. The decision to continue taking lithium during pregnancy can
be life saving to the mother. Other women might switch to lithium
because it has fewer risks to the developing fetus than their current
medication. While taking lithium, it is important that women stay
hydrated to prevent lithium toxicity in themselves and the fetus.
Careful monitoring of lithium levels, especially during delivery and
immediately after birth, can help prevent a relapse in the mother and
will also show if there are high lithium levels in the infant.?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/women_pregnancy_3.asp
?Lithium has been associated with teratogenicity and foetal toxicity
in laboratory animals and in humans. High incidences of malformations
were produced by dosing pregnant mice [7] and rats [8, 9] with lithium
at high doses (up to 200 mg/kg, oral an intraperitoneal), and included
eye defects, external ear defects, deformed bones and cleft palate.
Auricular abnormalities have been reported in a baby exposed in utero
to lithium [10], however of greater concern with human in utero
exposure are well documented reports of cardiac malformations, in
particular Ebstein?s anomaly of the tricuspid valve [11-15]. The risk
of cardiac malformation from in utero exposure to therapeutic levels
of lithium has been estimated as 1 in 1000 [13]?
Page 5 of this document has a chart of birth defects
http://www.bentham.org/cds/samples/cds1-1/Dodd.pdf
?New scientific observations have reversed the opinions on the
relation between lithium and congenital malformations. It has long
been assumed on the basis of an early study of children, born to
lithium-using mothers, that prenatal disturbances were frequent, in
particular those causing a specific heart defect, known as Ebstein's
disease. Recently, studies were undertaken in populations maintained
on a lower lithium level. This demonstrated the average risk of
malformation in general not to be elevated, but Ebstein's disease is
still considered to be more frequent with higher doses.
Echocardiography at an early stage of pregnancy offers a method to
examine for the heart defect in the unborn.
A further disadvantage to the child can be the toxic effect of lithium
itself during pregancy, delivery and immediately afterwards. A
pediatrician has to examine the child after birth. Both on behalf of
the child and the mother the lithium levels, kidney function and
thyroid hormones must be checked more frequently during pregnancy and
after delivery. This is essential in the later stages, near delivery,
because there is a considerable shift in fluid regulation and body
metabolism, both in mother and child. Lithium levels are very
sensitive to these alterations.
To prevent any risk of toxicity, lithium is to be discontinued two
days prior to the day delivery is induced in hospital. This period is
to be kept as short as possible because a severe swing of mood,
leading to a relapse of manic disorder, is more frequent in this
period. As soon as possible lithium is to be restarted and the
attending physician should keep a close watch on complaints due to
fluctuations in mood.?
http://bipolar.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=bipolar&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antenna.nl%2Fnsmd%2Fmd1.html
?Complicating the matter is the trend away from treatment with lithium
and divalproex sodium (Depakote), toward newer anticonvulsants and
atypical antipsychotics. We know more about the reproductive safety of
lithium and divalproex sodium, even though both are teratogenic. But
data on newer antimanic drugs are sparse, putting the clinician
between a teratologic rock and a clinical hard place.
Last month at the American Psychiatric Association's annual meeting,
we reported on the first prospective study of bipolar women who had
discontinued mood stabilizers at about the time they got pregnant.
Within 3 months, half of the 50 women had relapsed, and by 6 months
about 70% had relapsed. This supports the findings of our earlier
study, a chart review, which found a high relapse rate among women who
had stopped taking lithium during pregnancy.
Lithium is clearly safer during pregnancy than divalproex sodium. Many
of us learned in medical school that lithium is a known teratogen and
should not be used in pregnancy, but we now know that its
teratogenicity is relatively modest: The risk of Ebstein's anomaly is
about 0.05% among babies exposed to lithium in the first trimester.?
http://www.womensmentalhealth.org/topics/pregnancy_lib_bipolar.html
Lithium
====================================================
?Lithium: Lithium is a known tetragen (tetragens interfere with the
development of a baby?s major organs, which occurs during the first
trimester). Taken in the first trimester, Lithium increases the risk
for Ebstein?s Anomaly, a defect in the heart, by 10 times. It is also
associated with perinatal syndrome when taken around the time of
birth, including a bluish discoloration of the skin and decreased
muscle tone.?
http://www.epigee.org/mental_health/meds_pregnancy.html
?Lithium is not recommended during the first 3 months of pregnancy.?
http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/meds-bipolar.htm#precautions
Depakote (Divalproex, Valproate)
====================================================
?Since Depakote is a substance proven to have harmful effects on
fetuses, many experts recommend that women switch to another mood
stabilizer before conception. However, half of all women do not plan
their pregnancies, and those taking Depakote who later become pregnant
must weigh the risks and benefits of continuing this treatment. If a
woman decides to continue taking Depakote, a single daily dose can be
more harmful than separate doses. Experts recommend that doses of less
than 1000 mg/day be taken in divided doses. It is recommended that
women continuing Depakote also take vitamin K to help prevent
conditions that affect the infant's head and face.?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/women_pregnancy_3.asp
?Carbamazepine and valproate are alternative mood stabilizers. They
carry a more clearly defined risk of congenital malformation, in
particular spinal cord lesions (spina bifida). If circumstances
dictate this medication to be continued the expecting mother should
know that screening for spinal malformations of the child is possible
in an early stage of pregnancy by the technique of amnionfluid
investigations.
A further consequence of both carbamazepine and valproate is that they
may cause convulsions in the new-born child as part of withdrawal.
Breastfeeding however provides the baby with sufficient amounts to
prevent these signs of withdrawal and is advisable.?
http://bipolar.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=bipolar&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antenna.nl%2Fnsmd%2Fmd1.html
Tegretol
====================================================
?Tegretol
Most experts feel that Tegretol should only be used during pregnancy
if there are no other options. However, an unplanned pregnancy may not
be discovered until after the risk period for the harmful effects of
Tegretol has already passed. For women who choose to continue therapy
with Tegretol, vitamin K should be taken to promote mid-facial growth
and the formation of proper blood clotting factors in fetuses.
It is important to note that women who start taking Tegretol after
conception incur more risk of serious side effects (such as rare blood
disorder and liver failure) than women receiving treatment with
Tegretol at the time of conception?
http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/women_pregnancy_3.asp
Abilify (Aripiprazole)
====================================================
?The effects of Abilify during pregnancy have not been adequately
studied. The drug is recommended only if its benefits are thought to
outweigh the potential risk to the baby. If you are pregnant or
planning to become pregnant, inform your doctor immediately.
Breastfeeding is not recommended during Abilify therapy.?
http://www.healthsquare.com/newrx/abi1653.htm
Aripiprazole is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is
not known whether aripiprazole will be harmful to an unborn baby. Do
not take aripiprazole without first talking to your doctor if you are
pregnant or could become pregnant during treatment.
It is not known whether aripiprazole passes into breast milk. Do not
take aripiprazole without first talking to your doctor if you are
breast-feeding a baby.
http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d04825a1
?Pregnancy Category C
In animal studies, aripiprazole demonstrated developmental toxicity,
including possible teratogenic effects in rats and rabbits.
Pregnant rats were treated with oral doses of 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day
(1, 3, and 10 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] on a
mg/m2 basis) of aripiprazole during the period of organogenesis.
Gestation was slightly prolonged at 30 mg/kg. Treatment caused a
slight delay in fetal development, as evidenced by decreased fetal
weight (30 mg/kg), undescended testes (30 mg/kg), and delayed skeletal
ossification (10 and 30 mg/kg). There were no adverse effects on
embryofetal or pup survival. Delivered offspring had decreased
bodyweights (10 and 30 mg/kg), and increased incidences of
hepatodiaphragmatic nodules and diaphragmatic hernia at 30 mg/kg (the
other dose groups were not examined for these findings). (A low
incidence of diaphragmatic hernia was also seen in the fetuses exposed
to 30 mg/kg.) Postnatally, delayed vaginal opening was seen at 10 and
30 mg/kg and impaired reproductive performance (decreased fertility
rate, corpora lutea, implants, and live fetuses, and increased
post-implantation loss, likely mediated through effects on female
offspring) was seen at 30 mg/kg. Some maternal toxicity was seen at 30
mg/kg, however, there was no evidence to suggest that these
developmental effects were secondary to maternal toxicity.?
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/abilify_wcp.htm
Haldol
====================================================
? High-Potency Antipsychotics: High-potency antipsychotics, like
Haldol, are effective schizophrenia and bipolar medications. They are
associated with no increased risk to fetus or baby, and are
recommended for use during pregnancy in high-risk patients.?
?Atypical Antipsychotics: Atypical antipsychotics have recently been
introduced to the market and include risperidone, olanzapine,
ziprasidone, and quetiapine. There is not enough data to accurately
identify the effects that these medications may have on baby. A switch
to a high-potency antipsychotic like Haldol is usually recommended.?
http://www.epigee.org/mental_health/meds_pregnancy.html
?The effects of Haldol during pregnancy have not been adequately
studied. Pregnant women should use Haldol only if clearly needed. If
you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant, inform your doctor
immediately. Haldol should not be used by women who are breastfeeding
an infant.?
http://www.healthsquare.com/newrx/hal1193.htm
Wellbutrin
====================================================
?Wellbutrin should be taken during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Wellbutrin does pass into breast milk and may cause serious reactions
in a nursing baby; therefore, if you are a new mother, you may need to
discontinue breastfeeding while you are taking this medication.?
http://www.healthsquare.com/newrx/WEL1488.HTM
?Wellbutrin CATEGORY:B Of 322 outcomes involving bupropion exposure
in the first trimester there were 261 live births without birth
defects, 40 spontaneous pregnancy losses, 11 induced abortions, 1
induced abortion with evidence of Down syndrome on prenatal testing,
and 9 infants born alive with birth defects.
The defects in infants born alive included one infant with bilateral
club feet, one infant with Klinefelter's syndrome (no physical
abnormalities), and 7 infants with heart defects (1 abnormal aortic
valve thickening with mild aortic insufficiency, 1 ventricular septal
defect, 1 trivial pulmonic stenosis with atrial septal defect, 1
coarctation with ventricular septal defect, 1 thickened heart muscle,
1 pulmonary stenosis, and 1 coarctation of the aorta).
The observed proportion of birth defects in pregnancies with prenatal
exposure to bupropion in the first trimester was 3.7%.?
http://www.perinatology.com/exposures/Drugs/Bupropion.htm
Trazodone/Nefazodone
====================================================
?Can taking trazodone/nefazodone during my pregnancy cause birth defects?
One study followed 147 women who took trazodone or nefazodone while
pregnant. All of these women took the medication in the first
trimester of pregnancy and more than a third of patients took the
medication throughout the entire pregnancy. There were 58 women were
exposed to trazodone and 89 exposed to nefazodone. There was no
increase in birth defects above the normal 3-5% risk for the general
population. While this study is reassuring, the numbers are not large
enough to completely rule out a risk.?
http://bipolar.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=bipolar&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otispregnancy.org%2Fpdf%2FTrazodone.pdf
?Q. I have a long history of depression and have been taking
Wellbutrin (bupropion SR) for several years now. Every time I try to
come off the medication, the depression comes back. I am planning to
get pregnant within the next year and was wondering if it is safe to
use Wellbutrin.?
?While there is information to support the use of certain
antidepressants, including fluoxetine, citalopram and the tricyclic
antidepressants during pregnancy, there are much less data on the
reproductive safety of bupropion (Wellbutrin). Information from the
manufacturer (GlaxoSmithKline) includes data from 426 pregnancies
involving first trimester exposure to bupropion. In this sample, there
were 12 outcomes that involved major malformations. This represents a
2.8% risk of congenital malformation, which is consistent with what is
observed in women with no known teratogen exposure. While this
information regarding the overall risk of malformation is reassuring,
the most recent report revealed that 8 of the 12 cases reported
involve malformations of the heart and great vessels. In addition,
among the 16 retrospectively reported cases of malformations in
bupropion-exposed infants, seven involved cardiac defects.?
?Given the uncertainly regarding these findings, women may want to
switch to the better characterized SSRIs or a tricyclic
antidepressant.?
http://www.womensmentalhealth.org/resources/faq_09-01-02.html
?Benzodiazepines are not recommended during the first 3 months of pregnancy.?
http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/meds-bipolar.htm#precautions
? Alprazolam
o Oral disintegrating tablets (U.S.)
o Oral solution (U.S.)
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
? Bromazepam
o Tablets (Canada)
? Chlordiazepoxide
o Capsules (U.S. and Canada)
? Clobazam
o Tablets (Canada)
? Clonazepam
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
? Clorazepate
o Capsules (Canada)
o Tablets (U.S.)
o Extended-release tablets (U.S.)
? Diazepam
o Oral solution (U.S. and Canada)
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
? Estazolam
o Tablets (U.S.)
? Flurazepam
o Capsules (U.S. and Canada)
o Tablets (Canada)
? Halazepam
o Tablets (U.S.)
? Lorazepam
o Oral concentrate (U.S.)
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
o Sublingual tablets (Canada)
? Nitrazepam
o Tablets (Canada)
? Oxazepam
o Capsules (U.S.)
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
? Quazepam
o Tablets (U.S.)
? Temazepam
o Capsules (U.S. and Canada)
? Triazolam
o Tablets (U.S. and Canada)
Parenteral
? Chlordiazepoxide
o Injection (U.S.)
? Diazepam
o Injection (U.S. and Canada)
? Lorazepam
o Injection (U.S. and Canada)
Rectal
? Diazepam
o For rectal solution (may be prepared in U.S. and Canada from diazepam injection)
o Rectal gel (U.S.)
?Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been reported to increase the
chance of birth defects when used during the first 3 months of
pregnancy. Although similar problems have not been reported with the
other benzodiazepines, the chance always exists since all of the
benzodiazepines are related.
Studies in animals have shown that clonazepam, lorazepam, and
temazepam cause birth defects or other problems, including death of
the animal fetus.
Too much use of a benzodiazepine during pregnancy may cause the baby
to become dependent on the medicine. This may lead to withdrawal side
effects after birth. Also, use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy,
especially during the last weeks, may cause body temperature problems,
breathing problems, difficulty in feeding, drowsiness, or muscle
weakness in the newborn infant.
Benzodiazepines given just before or during labor may cause weakness
in the newborn infant. When diazepam is given in high doses
(especially by injection) within 15 hours before delivery, it may
cause breathing problems, muscle weakness, difficulty in feeding, and
body temperature problems in the newborn infant.?
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html
?Q. I'm 29 years old and have been suffering from bipolar disorder for
about 4 years. I'm taking lithium since then and it's working fine.
I'm in good health and would like to get pregnant. What would be your
advice?
My last reading of the literature is that lithium is associated with
an increased incidence of heart defects in the fetus. Its a low
incidence, but a bad side effect. I would go to a specialist at a
university that deals with pregnancy in psychiatric patients. There
are lots of options available, and you should have a local doctor
helping out. The old stand in was to use neuroleptics, but many
doctors are using other agents during pregnancy.?
http://www.mental-health-today.com/bp/bipolardr/106.HTM
?Quetiapine, citalopram and lamotrigine are not known to cause
abnormalities or other problems but their safety cannot be assured.
All decisions about taking medication during pregnancy should be taken
jointly by the patient and clinician, taking into account the risk of
relapse if the drugs are stopped and the risk of problems if the drugs
are continued. For many people there is a high risk of relapse which
might be disastrous for mother and child. It is not unusual, therefore
for medication to be continued during pregnancy.?
http://www.mentalhealthcare.org.uk/pharmacist/expanded/index.php?id=4
?For lithium, the risk of fetal heart defects, especially Ebstein?s
anomaly, is .05 percent in the first trimester, 10 to 20 times that of
the general population. For Depakote, there is a thee to eight percent
risk of fetal spina bifida in the first trimester, and an unspecified
risk of heart defects and behavioral abnormalities. For Tegretol,
there is an 0.5 to one percent risk of spina bifida in the first
trimester and an unspecified risk of craniofacial anomalies and
microcephaly. Lamictal is probably the safest of the anticonvulsants,
with manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline?s registry of 293 pregnancies
through Sept 2002 showing no major birth defects (keeping in mind this
symposium was sponsored by GSK).
Dr Stowe advised that "new and improved" meds means there is no data.
Older generation antipsychotics such as Haldol are considered safe
during all phases of pregnancy, while there is little data for the
newer atypicals such as Zyprexa. Factors that need to be considered
are obesity and hyperglycemia side effects, which are risk factors for
congenital malformations. Risperdal, which can cause
hyperprolactinemia (affecting menstrual and sexual function), could be
problematic during pregnancy.?
http://www.mcmanweb.com/pregnancy_meds.htm
?Though there are many medications from a diverse range
of psychotropic drug classes which are used routinely for the
treatment of bipolar disorder, only a handful of these medications
have proven efficacious in the prevention of relapse of episodes of
mania or depression. The most well know of these mood stabilisers,
lithium, carbamazepine and valproate, have all been associated with
concerns regarding teratogenicity. The safety in pregnancy of the
newer anticonvulsant mood stabilisers lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine
[1] is poorly characterised.?
http://www.bentham.org/cds/samples/cds1-1/Dodd.pdf
Click on the link for Table 4 for more information on birth defects and bipolar:
http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;105/4/880
====================================================
I hope this has helped you, and I wish you the best! I was unable to
make a ?list? of safe drugs, as there is no list. Some medications are
safer than others, but all seem to carry a degree of risk.
If any part of my answer is unclear, please request an Answer
Clarification. I will be happy to clarify anything for you, if you
request an Answer Clarification, and wait for my response, before you
rate this answer.
Sincerely, Crabcakes
Search Terms
============
Teratogenicity + bipolar medications
bipolar medications + pregnancy + safe
Aripiprazole + pregnancy + safe
Wellbutrin + pregnancy
Depacote + pregnancy
Lithium + pregnancy
Tegretol + pregnancy |
