"Behavioral: This is based on the premise that primary learning comes
from experience. The initial concern in therapy is to help the client
analyze behavior, define problems, and select goals.
Therapy often includes homework, behavioral experiments, role-playing,
assertiveness training, and self management training. Like its
cognitive therapy cousins it utilizes collaboration between client and
therapist, and is usually of short duration."
"Person-Centered (Rogerian): Founded by Carl Rogers in the 1940's,
like Adlerian therapy, a basic premise is that we are all "becoming;"
we are all moving towards self-actualization. Rogers believed that
each of us has the innate ability to reach our full potential. As
infants we are born with it, but because of early experiences, we may
lose our connection to it. The self concept we develop in response to
our early experiences may tend to alienate us from our true self. In
this theory there is no such thing as mental illness. It is just a
matter of being disconnected from our self-potential. This therapy is
often considered the most optimistic approach to human potential.
This often lengthy therapy is based on developing the client-therapist
relationship. The therapist is to provide the conditions necessary for
the client's growth: genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and
empathic understanding. To be genuine the therapist must strive to be
transparent, open, willing to express at opportune times their own
identity in the relationship. There is no hiding behind expertise or
degrees. Therapists must be constantly doing their own inventory.
Unconditional positive regard is synonymous with acceptance and
appreciation of the client for who the client is in the present.
Empathic understanding is based on the therapist's ability to see the
world through the client's eyes, to move into the client's world at
the deepest levels and experience what the client feels.
If the process works, the client moves back toward self-actualization."
"Counseling Approaches" allaboutcounseling.com (1998)
http://www.allaboutcounseling.com/counseling_approaches.htm
"Humanistic
Another body of thought in psychotherapy started in the 1950s with
Carl Rogers. Rogers, who went to Columbia University just like Albert
Ellis, earned a PhD while simultaneously becoming interested in
existentialism, the works of Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of human
needs. By the early 1930s he had finished his doctoral work and had
brought Person centered psychotherapy into mainstream focus. Rogers'
basic tenets were unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and
empathic understanding, with each demonstrated by the counselor.
According to Rogers, these tenets were both necessary and sufficient
to create a relationship conducive to enhancing the client's
psychological well being, by enabling the client to fully experience
themselves. Inspired by Rogers, others followed his mode of thinking
like Fritz and Laura Perls in the creation of Gestalt therapy. Later
these fields of psychotherapy would become what is known as humanistic
psychotherapy today.
Behavioral
The rudiments of behavioral counseling begin in the 1920s, however its
comprehensive form did not emerge until the 1950s and 1960s. The
primary contributors were Joseph Wolpe in South Africa, M.B. Shipiro
and Hans Eyseneck in Britain, and B.F. Skinner in the United States.
Behavioral counseling approaches rely on principles of operant
conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning theory.
Drawing on principles of behaviorism, behavioral counseling focuses on
behaviors that are observable and measurable, rather than cognitions.
Note that B. F. Skinner was named Humanist of the Year in 1972 by the
American Humanist Association, indicating that behavioral counseling
is considered compatible with humanistic philosophy as well (Epstein,
1997).
The behavioral counselor may use operant conditioning techniques
contingency contracts, self-management, shaping, behavioral momentum,
token economies, response cost, and biofeedback. For social learning
theory techniques, counselors may use modeling, behavior practice
groups, and role playing. Often classical conditioning techniques are
the treatment of choice for phobias and fetishes, and include
techniques of systematic desensitization, flooding,
counterconditioning, and aversive conditioning. Sometimes hypnosis is
used to achieve relaxation as well.
Additionally, behavioral counseling has been effective in treating
eating disorders. Behavioral counseling is the most scientifically
validated approach because of its emphasis measurable and observable
results. Increasingly, counselors and researchers are incorporating
behavior modification techniques with other approaches (eclectic or
multimodal approaches), and develop behavioral definitions to measure
psychological constructs such as depression, anxiety or anger
(Thompson, Rudolph, & Henderson, 2004)."
"Psychotherapy" Wikipedia (February 2, 2006)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling
Some additional resources you may find of use:
"Person-Centered Therapy
Association for the Development of the Person-Centered approach http://adpca.org/
Client Centered Therapy: http://cc.knue.ac.kr/~coun/rogers.htm
Person-Centered International http://personcentered.com/
Some Thoughts Regarding the Current Philosophy of the Behavioral
Sciences by Carl Rogers:
http://www.westga.edu/~psydept/os2/os1/rogers.htm
Rogers, Carl R.. (1946). Significant aspects of client-centered
therapy. American Psychologist, 1, 415-422.
Rogers, Carl R.. (1947). Some observations on the organization of
personality. American Psychologist, 2, 358-368. [Rogers' APA
Presidential Address.]"
"Behavior Therapy
Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy: http://www.aabt.org/
Association for Behavioral Analysis: http://www.wmich.edu/aba/
B.F. Skinner: http://www.psych.nwu.edu/~garea/skinner.html
Exiting the Blame Trap - Arnold Lazarus:
http://www.wiley.com/Corporate/Website/Objects/Product/CDA/PDF_Item/1,8789,19347|C00|0,00.pdf
How to Choose a Therapist - Arnold Lazarus:
http://members.aol.com/familynow1/chooseatherapist.htm
Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis:
http://www.envmed.rochester.edu/wwwrap/behavior/jaba/jabahome.htm
Multi-modal therapy transcript with Arnold Lazarus:
http://www.ablongman.com/videos/transcripts/psychotherapy/0205329128_guide.pdf
Positive Reinforcement, a self-instructional model:
http://psych.athabascau.ca/html/prtut/reinpair.htm
Self-management for College Students: Using the ABC Approach by Edward
J. O'Keefe, Ph.D. & Donna S. Berger, M.A:
http://parthill.com/excerpt2.html"
"Psychotherapy Models Online Resources" by James J. Messina &
Constance Messina, Coping.org (2005)
http://www.coping.org/adultlink/therapy.htm"
Sincerely,
Wonko
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