Hello djakarta!!
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As an introduction I suggest you to read an article that appears in
the website of OxisResearchin, a division of OXIS International, Inc.
a company, headquartered in Portland, Oregon, that is a leader in the
area of diseases from oxidative stress. OXIS focuses on developing
technologies and products to research, diagnose, treat and prevent
diseases associated with damage from free radicals and reactive oxygen
species ? diseases of oxidative stress.
The mentioned article is the following:
"Exploring Oxidative Stress And Nitrosative Stress With OxisResearch®":
http://www.oxisresearch.com/library/oxidative_stress.shtml
The following text gives useful introductory info about the
relationship between the oxidative stress, aging and some major
diseases:
"Oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), faulty anti-oxidation system:
More and more researchers have come to the conclusion that oxidative
stress caused by free radicals (the modern term is "Reactive oxygen
species", ROS) may be the main and primary cause of aging. This idea
was first suggested by Denham Harman in 1956, and research on the
concept was comprehensively reviewed by him more recently (Harman,
1986). Currently this theory is being researched by numerous workers;
see for the example the papers by Beckman and Ames (1998), Sohal and
Weindruch (1996). Internally produced ROS have been found to damage
macromolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids inside cells. These
damaged macromolecules may in some cases be subsequently removed by
the action of anti-aging forces, or they may irreversibly accumulate
(thus constituting aging forces). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are
molecules that are more reactive than ground-state molecular oxygen.
These species include true radicals such as superoxide anion radical
(*O-O--*), hydroxyl radical (*OH), hydroxy-oxyl radical (HO-O*),
nitric oxide (*N=O), lipid peroxyl radical (L-O-O*), and non-radical
molecules such as singlet oxygen (O-O*) and various hydro-peroxides
(ROOH, LOOH, H2H2). ROS formation is attributed to many vital cellular
processes. The mitochondrion is the main endogenous source of these
free radicals. About 90% of the oxygen consumed in a cell is consumed
in the mitochondria, and about 2% of that oxygen is converted to
superoxide anion radical (*O-O--*) in the electron-transport system in
the mitochondrial inner membrane (Chance et al., 1979). Scientists
believe that the mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome are the
main targets for damage by ROS (Beckman and Ames, 1998, Miquel 1991,
Wallace 1992). Many scientists consider that the gradual weakening of
body functions as we get old, known as aging, is a result of the slow
but insidious work of these "little enemies". What are these "free
radicals", and where do they come from? They are in fact very simple
compounds of oxygen, in which the originally harmless molecule has
acquired an extra electron. Unfortunately, the formation of free
radicals is a natural process, which will continue to occur as long as
one breaths oxygen. But the formation of free radicals is accelerated
by several factors, such as environmental pollutants, UV light, and
nuclear radiation. Free radicals are very reactive particles and they
aggressively attack all the surrounding molecules within the cell. The
attacked molecules become oxidized, making them structurally damaged
and even toxic for the body. Free radicals are rather indiscriminate
in what they their attack, so everything that they come in contact
with - such as DNA molecules, proteins, or lipids (the scientific name
for fats) - becomes oxidized. The initial damage caused by free
radicals can lead to further alteration of cellular function. It is
known that our cells have the potential to divide quickly and to grow
much faster than they do normally. The normal growth and regular
development of the human body requires very complex interactions
between hundreds of genes within the fragile DNA molecule. Cells in
which the "genetic messenger" DNA is damaged by free radicals sooner
or later lose the ability to control their own division; and
uncontrolled growth leads to the appearance of malignant tumors
(cancer). Other consequences of free radical activities are
cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. In this case lipids
(fats) oxidized by free radicals play the major role. The oxidized
lipids are toxic for the organism and they induce chronic inflammatory
reactions within the walls of the blood vessels. This gradually leads
to the blockage of the vessels, which thus constrict the blood-supply;
and so their ability to supply blood to the organs is lost. The
arteries of the heart are most frequently affected, thus giving rise
to heart disease and later to myocardial infarction (heart attack). In
the case of the brain, the blockage of blood-vessels leads to a
"stroke", often causing permanent brain damage, partial paralysis,
etc. Due to the high incidence of atherosclerosis in the population,
the oxidation of lipids has attracted much attention from scientists.
In the laboratory it is easy to observe that the lipids from blood
(normally light yellow) are quickly converted into brown oxidation
products. Outside the laboratory a similar process can be easily
observed if butter (which consists mostly of saturated lipids) is kept
without refrigeration for a long time. The results are even more
visible on hot summer days when the temperatures are closer to the
37°C (98°F) of our body. Talking about foods and oxidation it is
interesting to consider vegetable oils, which are highly recommended
as a healthy substitute for saturated animal fats like butter. Every
housewife knows that unlike butter, vegetable oils stay fresh for
months without refrigeration. The same is happening inside our bodies
- unsaturated vegetable fats successfully resist the attacks of free
radicals and (if they are present in appropriate quantities) provide a
powerful protection against atherosclerosis."
From "Internal Aging Forces - Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen
Species, Anti-oxidation System" at Anti-Aging Guide site by Arcady L.
Economo:
http://www.anti-aging-guide.com/21-01internal.php
Now you can see more technical articles and lectures, the following
list is sorted by relevance, so I suggest yu to read the articles in
such order:
"OXIDATIVE STRESS - INCLUDING GLUTATHIONE, A PEPTIDE FOR CELLULAR
DEFENSE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS" by JAMES A. THOMAS from DEPARTMENT
OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS - IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY:
- CONTENTS -
·INTRODUCTION
·RADICALS AND NON-RADICALS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS
A. Oxygen species
B. Nitrogen species
·EFFECTS OF OXIDANTS ON MACROMOLECULES
A. Carbohydrates
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
·CELLULAR ANTI-OXIDANTS
A. The Glutathione Redox Cycle and the Protein S-thiolation Cycle.
B. Vitamin E and Membrane Peroxidation
C. Enzymes as Anti-oxidants in cells
D. Other Uses of Glutathione that require different chemistry
http://www.bb.iastate.edu/~jat/glutchp.html
"OXIDATIVE STRESS" at Penn State - Department of Crop and Soil Sciences:
This lecture is intended for an Agro-technical course, the topic is
not humans but plants, but the content applies to humans and animals
in almost all concepts due the similarities of the processes. The text
is very comprehensive.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
·Activation of Oxygen
·Biological Reactions of Oxygen Radicals
Oxidative Damage to Lipids
Classical Peroxidation Reactions
Unique Reactions in Plant Membranes
Oxidative Damage to Proteins
Oxidative Damage to DNA
·Sites of Activated Oxygen Production
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Microbodies
Plasma membranes
Cell Walls
·Defence Mechanisms
Superoxide Dismutase
Catalase
Ascorbic Acid
Glutathione
Tocopherol
Carotenoids
·Herbicide tolerance
Paraquat
Photosensitizing Herbicides
·Summary and Conclusions
·References
http://cropsoil.psu.edu/Courses/AGRO518/Oxygen.htm
"Ageing, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial uncoupling" by M.-E.
Harper, L. Bevilacqua, K. Hagopian, R. Weindruch and J. J. Ramsey:
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01370.x/pdf
"The Antioxidant Response to Oxidative Stress" by LESTER PACKER:
http://www.vetmedpub.com/cp/pdf/special_reports/hills_8.pdf
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The following articles are added as additional reference:
At the Innovita Research Foundation, a website intended for readers
who want to find out qualified information about aging in general and
in molecular approach, I found:
"Oxidative Stress Role in Ageing Through Influence on Cell Cycle":
http://www.innovitaresearch.org/news/03100901.html
"Ageing is Associated with an Enhanced Free Radical Generation and
Oxidative Damage to Skeletal Muscle":
http://www.innovitaresearch.org/news/03040801.html
"ROS, DNA Damage and Genome Maintenance":
http://www.innovitaresearch.org/news/03071901.html
From "Nutrition Bytes":
"The Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Prevention of Cancer" by Jamie Feusner:
http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=uclabiolchem/nutritionbytes
"Coronary Heart Disease and Antioxidant Vitamin E" by Steve Hart:
http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=uclabiolchem/nutritionbytes
"Melatonin and its Role in Aging and Oxidative Stress" by Arnold I. Chin:
http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=uclabiolchem/nutritionbytes
"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Influence on Health and Brain Ageing"
http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Hills/wiseman/wiseman.pdf?LA=1
May be you will find useful the following question answered by me in the past:
"Google Answers: oxidative system and its relation to parkinson disease":
http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=391071
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May be you can also go to the following conference:
Oxidative Stress And Disease - March 13-18, 2005 at Ventura Beach
Marriott - Ventura, CA:
http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/2005/oxidat.htm
Or take a look to this book:
"Critical Reviews of Oxidative Stress and Aging: Advances in Basic
Science, Diagnostics and Intervention", Editors: Richard G. Cutler,
Henry Rodriguez:
http://www.o2sa.org/Control/o2sa/store.aspx
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Search strategy:
"oxidative stress" human
"oxidative stress"
Aging "oxidative stress"
I hope that this helps you in your research. Feel free to request for
a clarification or an improvement to this answer. I will gladly
respond your requests for further assistance on this topic.
Best regards.
livioflores-a |
