Whenever I open a folder, no matter what the application, I want it to
always open up in Details View, and sorted so the most recent file is
at the top.  Even if I change that view in a given application, I want
it to always default back to my preferred view.  How can I set this as
a default across all apps?

Yes, this can be done. Follow these steps.

1) Open any folder you want. Make sure it has a few files in it.
2) Arrange it so it fits your needs. For example, do details view and
sort it by date.
3) In the folder Menu, click Tools->Folder Options.
4) Click the "View" Tab on the "Folder Options" Dialog.
5) Click "Apply to All Folders" Button. 
6) Now all folder you open will be in the same configuration.

This is a fabulous answer to a question I have had for years!  This
new Google service is a great idea!  Thank you so much.

Mark