pafalafa-I had my answer pulled because I was unable to find exactly
what the customer wanted. To save you and other researchers time, here
was my answer:
=================
Hi guilhermecosta,
The short answer is : Young broccoli sprouts! Brassica sprouts to be
specific.(Sulforaphene is also known as glucoraphanin and SGS.)
You can now buy Broccoli Sprouts in Wal-Mart and Safeway, per this site:
http://www.broccosprouts.com/
According to one study, (Page 9), the weed form is highest in
sulforaphene. ?We screened hundreds of crucifer cultivars and found
some with a high glucoraphanin at the sprout stage,? he said. Two plants
that have been found to be high in glucoraphanin are the weed species,
Carderia draba and Lepidium campestre. Both however also contain the
anti-nutritive glucosinolate, glucosinalbin.
http://www.agwest.sk.ca/publications/nutranews/nutranewsvol13.pdf
Young sprouts seem to provide 20-50 times the amount of sulforaphane
than mature broccoli, and has been found to reduce blood pressure,
slowed growth of prostate and colon cancer cells, and killed the
acid-producing H.pylori bacteria that can cause stomach ulcers.
"Dr Taylor says eating certain vegetables - particularly those of the
cruciferous family, which includes the Brassicas - has long been
thought to reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. Until Ms
Rangkadilok's study, however, little was known about the levels and
distribution of the cancer-fighting glucosinolates in particular
Brassica varieties, or of their 'storage life' after picking.
Value-added Asian Brassica vegetables containing high levels of
glucoraphanin could give Australia a new edge in export markets for
both fresh produce and seed.
Dr Taylor reports progress to date includes the identification of high
glucoraphanin-containing broccoli genotypes and the development of a
new hybrid vegetable - called Kalebrini - from a cross between
broccoli and Chinese broccoli by industry partner Henderson Seed Group
Pty Ltd.
"Kalebrini plants contain moderate levels of glucoraphanin because the
broccoli parent genotype had high levels and the Chinese broccoli
parent genotype low levels of the compound.
"Knowledge of the genes controlling glucoraphanin production will
enhance the breeding of elite Asian Brassica vegetables enriched with
glucoraphanin," he says."
http://www.unimelb.edu.au/ExtRels/Media/UN/archive/2001/617/goodforyou.html
"Brassica: Definition: A large genus of edible, Cruciferous plants
including the large species Brassica oleracea. Included are cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprout, kale, and collard green (all
are the same species), turnip (B. napa), rutabaga (B. napobrassica),
rapeseed (B. napus), and MUSTARD (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra)."
http://debussy.hon.ch/cgi-bin/HONselect?browse+B06.388.100.250.200+info+9
Brassica: "This is a group of plants belonging to the Mustard family,
Cruciferae. It includes vegetables that are commonly grown and known
as Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collards, Kale,
Kohlrabi, Mustard, Rape, Rutabaga and Turnip. Many can be grown for
their ornamental leaves."
http://www.botany.com/brassica.html
"Chinese broccoli has other names such as gai lohn, kai lan, and
Chinese kale. It is one of the oriental vegetables that seem to do
well in Florida gardens, particularly during the fall and winter.
DESCRIPTION
The plant resembles regular broccoli, although the leaves appear to be
a bit broader and the stems somewhat longer than broccoli. The flowers
form first into diminutive heads and then elongate rapidly into flower
stalks bearing yellow flowers."
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV032
Safety of Brassica Sprouts
http://www.brassica.com/press/pr0013.htm
"Caudill is the only licensed supplier of the special seeds for
BroccoSprouts. They also provide Home Sprouting kits that include
these seeds for consumers looking to grow BroccoSprouts at home.
Caudill is the largest supplier of sprouting seeds and beans in North
America, with full seed processing and warehousing for over 50 years
and production in the USA, Australia, China, Central America, Canada
and South Africa."
http://www.brassica.com/partners/caudill.htm
http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=405878
Glucoraphanin, also known as sulforaphane glucosinolate (SGS(TM)), a
naturally-occurring compound found in broccoli sprouts and broccoli,
may reduce risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and
stroke, according to new research published in the May 4 issue of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA."
"SGS-Rich BroccoSprouts(R) Researchers at Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, who first isolated sulforaphane from broccoli in
1992, found that young broccoli sprouts, in particular, contained
concentrations of SGS that were 20 to 50 times greater than those
found in adult cooked broccoli. These broccoli sprouts are now
available to consumers as BroccoSprouts(R). One ounce of BroccoSprouts
has the same amount of SGS as 11/4 pounds (20 ounces) of mature,
cooked broccoli.
Of the more than 50 different varieties of broccoli seeds tested,
Johns Hopkins researchers found that only a few varieties produced
sprouts that contained consistently high concentrations of SGS.
BroccoSprouts are grown only from these specially identified and
selected seeds and tested for SGS content.
In addition, natural extracts from these broccoli sprouts containing
certified high levels of SGS are also found in Brassica(R) Teas. These
teas are licensed by Johns Hopkins University and are available in
black and green tea varieties and in regular and decaffeinated.
BroccoSprouts are marketed by Brassica Protection Products LLC (BPP),
located in Baltimore. A portion of the proceeds from BroccoSprouts
sales are contributed to The Brassica Foundation for Chemoprotection
Research to support further research into the link between nutrition
and cancer.
For more information
http://www.broccosprouts.com or http://www.brassica.com.
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=949
http://www.brassica.com/press/pr0018.htm
http://my.webmd.com/content/article/86/98988.htm
"In 1993 Dr Talalay hired a plant physiologist ?Jed Fahey? to search
for a ?better? broccoli, and he discovered that the smaller the plant
the more concentrated the source of sulforaphane Fahey?s team found
that the compound was 20 times more concentrated in young
three-day-old plants.
In the mid 90s Fahey began hearing anecdotal reports of workers
growing the broccoli sprouts being cured from stomach problems after
eating the sprouts, he made the connection that perhaps sulforaphane
was involved and began investigating the action of sulforaphane
against Helicobacter Pylori he discovered that sulforaphane killed
Helicobacter Pylori."
http://www.berwickheartsupport.co.uk/html/broccolli_sprouts.html
"Glucosinolates are secondary plant products present in several
dicotyledonous plants, predominantly in the members of the
Braccicaceae family. Broccoli sprouts contain the compound
glucoraphanin which is a member of the glucosinolate group.
Eventually glucoraphanin is converted by myrosinase in plants and by
gut microbes to sulforaphane, a potent inducer of mammalian
detoxication enzyme activity. Several studies have indicated that
consumption of brussel sprouts reduces colorectal cancer and enhance
the synthesis of detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase.
Recent studies by a professor at the University of Saskatchewan have
shown a reduction in blood pressure, atherosclesrotic-like changes and
a reduction in stroke and heart disease in a model rodent system,
following the ingestion of broccoli sprouts with high levels of
glucoraphanin. They have also reported this among Field Pepperweed
which is in the Brassicaceae species. It apparently accumulates
significant levels of glucoraphanin in the leaves. The content
apparently varies among plants. Since Field Pepperweed is currently
considered a weed species that has no food or pharmaceutical value,
the growing requirements and the optimum plant growth stage for
harvest of this species grown under greenhouse conditions for maximum
glucoraphanin yield is not known (Alberta website)."
http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/range454/2004%20pet%20weeds/fieldpepperweed.html
Page 9: "Sulforaphane is ?the most potent phase 2 enzyme inducer yet
identified,? he said. Glucoraphanin is present in crucifers including
broccoli sprouts. A diet high in crucifers has been linked to
decreased incidence of certain cancers such as lung and colon
cancer... Juurlink fed spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat 200
mg of dried broccoli containing 2.4 micromoles of glucoraphanin or
canola sprouts for 5 days per week from the age of 5 ? 8 weeks. Blood
pressures were taken weekly until the age of 3.5 months, when the
animal tissues were analyzed. The results of this research showed that
consuming broccoli sprouts with significant glucoraphanin content
inhibited the development of hypertension"
http://www.agwest.sk.ca/publications/nutranews/nutranewsvol13.pdf
"Sulforaphane is found in highest concentrations in broccoli sprouts,
but it is also found in mature broccoli and other cruciferous
vegetables, such as cauliflower, cabbage, and kale.
http://www.vitacost.com/science/hn/Supp/Sulforaphane.htm
" For a recent study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
reported by five Illinois scientists, eight genotypes of broccoli were
analyzed. The genotypes represented commonly grown varieties in the
Midwest which, based on previous findings, contain a wide range of
antioxidant compounds. Researchers found that carotenoids (both lutein
and zeaxanthin) accounted for often far-ranging variability within
broccoli?s fat-soluble compounds, but they could not account for
variations of the water-soluble ones.
"We can see that there are differences among the broccoli genotypes,"
said Barbara P. Klein, a professor in the department of food science
and human nutrition. "We cannot yet say that the overall differences
are due to any specific compound, but the carotenoids are definitely
responsible for one part of the variability."
Anne Kurilich, now a research scientist with the USDA Phytonutrient
Laboratory in Maryland, used the oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC) assay, a tool that for the past decade has been widely used to
analyze antioxidants and other components in fruits, vegetables and
wines. The Illinois researchers measured the antioxidant capacities of
the fat and water-soluble extracts taken of broccoli plants.
"Broccoli differs," Klein said. "Some cultivars have more positive
health-promoting compounds in them. Broccoli is not just broccoli.
Some varieties are higher in antioxidant content, in vitamin content
and in nutrients. This most recent study tells us that we are still
missing some information. There may be some contributing compounds
that we are not measuring or it may be that several components have a
synergistic effect."
The researchers have since used a cell-culture technique that mimics
what happens in an actual living human liver cell to see how well the
various antioxidant compounds prevent oxidation. That study is being
prepared for publication.
In previous research, they created a database of 50 broccoli varieties
and their amounts of antioxidants and cancer-fighting compounds. Some
varieties had 10 times the vitamin E, twice the vitamin C and eight
times the beta-carotene. The broccoli varieties also ranged widely in
their amounts of glucosinolates, which break down carcinogens and
suppress the growth of cancer tumors.
Environment, as well as plant genetics, appear to affect broccoli?s
contents. In particular, the amount of glucobrassicin varies greatly,
said Elizabeth Jeffery, a professor in the department of food science
and human nutrition and of pharmacology in the College of Medicine at
Urbana-Champaign. "This compound is produced when insects or animals
bite the plant. More than 50 percent of the variation in
glucobrassicin content in broccoli is determined by the environment in
which the crop is grown," she said."
http://www.news.uiuc.edu/scitips/02/1007broccoli.html
"Parameters were estimated and the model was tested based on
experiments in greenhouses at different levels of temperature and
irradiance. The model explained a large part of the variation in total
plant dry matter (94%), yield (72%), dry matter content (73%) and
glucoraphanin content (79%). However, the model is still a prototype
and needs further development with respect to its validity under field
conditions, the addition of further quality characteristics and the
addition of further environmental effects."
http://www.actahort.org/books/566/566_8.htm
Broccoli Study
http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-219.pdf
I hope this is the information you are seeking. If not, please request
an Answer Clarification, before rating, and I will be glad to assist
you further, if possible.
Regards, Crabcakes
Search terms
broccoli + sulforaphane
sulforaphane content broccoli
=====Request for Answer Clarification by guilhermecosta-ga on 25 Mar 2005 09:13 PST
Thanks for the answer but you didn't answer my question yet.
For clearify the question I select a part of your answer.
"Of the more than 50 different varieties of broccoli seeds tested,
Johns Hopkins researchers found that only a few varieties produced
sprouts that contained consistently high concentrations of SGS.
BroccoSprouts are grown only from these specially identified and
selected seeds and tested for SGS content."
I want to know the names of that (few )varieties of broccoli which has the
major level in sulfuraphane.
Regards, Guilherme
====Clarification of Answer by crabcakes-ga on 25 Mar 2005 10:42 PST
Hello again Guilherme,
Thank you for your clarification. I was not sure exactly which
information you wanted from your question. It appeared to me that you
were interested in purchasing the broccoli sprouts that were highest
in nutrients, and that answer I did supply. It is clear now that you
want more specific details!
The site below is the patent, granted in February, 2003, for the
development of these sprouts. The document is not copyable, but if you
go to page 7, in the middle of the left hand column (Columns 5 and 6),
you will find the cultivars of species used in producing this
apparently proprietary seed. Other cruciferous plants can be found
listed on Page 9.
http://www.brassica.com/pdf/us06521818.pdf
The right hand column on Page 4 also lists cruciferous species used in
creating broccoli sprout seeds.
http://www.brassica.com/pdf/US05968567.pdf
This page provides a list of all patents regarding this new breed of crucifer.
http://www.brassica.com/sci/patents.htm
I hope this supplies you with the proper information! If not, please
do not hesitate to post a new clarification!
Regards, Crabcakes
====Request for Answer Clarification by guilhermecosta-ga on 03 Apr 2005 08:02 PDT
Hello Crabcakes,
Thanks by the information. I read all the pages you
provide , I saw the cruciferous used for the experience which results
in the patent. But I want to know, as I said, the varieties of broccoli
which has the most quantity in SGS. You sent to me the list of all
varieties of broccoli they used. Let me clarify the question.
"Of the more than 50 different varieties of broccoli seeds tested,
Johns Hopkins researchers found that only a few varieties produced
sprouts that contained consistently high concentrations of SGS.
BroccoSprouts are grown only from these specially identified and
selected seeds and tested for SGS content."
As they said, only a few varieties produced sprouts that contained
consistently high concentrations of SGS.
I want the name of this few varieties.
Regards, Guilherme
====Clarification of Answer by crabcakes-ga on 03 Apr 2005 10:13 PDT
Hi again,
I have seen your clarification request. While I feel confident that
the information I supplied you is all that is made public, I will do a
last search for you. I am out of town at the moment, and will respond
within a few days. Thank you for your patience.
Sincerely, Crabcakes
====Clarification of Answer by crabcakes-ga on 05 Apr 2005 19:37 PDT
Hi again guilermecosta,
I have been searching for more specific information for you. It
appears that the species in my first clarification (The patent
documents) do include the variety you are seeking: Brassica italica
broccoli
http://www.sproutnet.com/Nutrition/Research/influence_of_temperature_and_ont.htm
Brassica oleracea species, as stated on page 9:
http://www.brassica.com/pdf/us06521818.pdf
Column 14 of page 11 lists species used, in other words, brassica
oleracea, variety italica.
http://www.brassica.com/pdf/us06521818.pdf
The italica species is used to make this supplement
"broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) sprout concentrate (20:1) 500
mg. (standardized to contain a minimum of 2,000 mcg sulforaphane)
broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica/alba) extract 100 mg.
(standardized to contain 4% glucosinolates) (hypo-allergenic plant
fiber added to complete capsule volume requirement)"
http://shop.store.yahoo.com/drkowalski/ce120capu.html
"Today, Johns Hopkins has licensed CS Agra to produce finished
products covered under its scientific and intellectual property
portfolio. In the dietary supplement market, CS Agra has launched
Vitalica?. Each capsule contains 30 mg SGS glucosinolate."
http://www.hsrmagazine.com/articles/541branded.html
"The researchers could not say how much broccoli one would have to eat
for there to be an impact, something they said could not be determined
without long-term tests involving humans.
'The levels were well within the range that you would expect to
achieve by eating a serving of broccoli,' Fahey said.
The findings are reported in Tuesday's issue of Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science. Broccoli sprouts are tiny three-day-old
plants that resemble alfalfa sprouts and have a peppery flavor.
'I feel quite comfortable suggesting people eat more fruits and
vegetables, specifically cruciferous vegetables, specifically
broccoli,' Fahey said. 'We know it's safe and healthy...we know
sulforaphane is effective in protecting against cancers.'"
http://www.kalyx.com/store/proddetail.cfm/ItemID/23612.0/CategoryID/12500.0/SubCatID/240.0/file.htm
I hope this clarifies things for you. Please request another
clarification if you are not satisified with the answer. I believe my
research has revealed the cruciferous species and variety you are
seeking.
Sincerely, Crabcakes
There was a final clarification from the customer, which for some odd
reason did not appear in this cached page, but it went something like
this:
YOU DID NOT ANSWER MY QUESTION. And then asked again for the cultivars.
I was unable to find any more than the information I supplied.
Good luck!
Crabcakes |
