HI
Title: Equally unequal: Gender discrimination in the workplace among
adults with mental retardation.
Authors: Julius, Elona
Wolfson, Hagit
Yalon-Chamovitz, Shira
Source: Work; 2003, Vol. 20 Issue 3, p205, 9p
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: *EMPLOYMENT (Economic theory)
*INDUSTRIAL relations
*PEOPLE with mental disabilities
*WAGES
SEX discrimination in employment
Abstract: Gender discrimination in the work place has been widely
reported. Women are usually discriminated against both with respect to
level of occupation and salary. The current study explored the
correlation between gender and employment among adults with mental
retardation, specifically, whether gender discrimination in the work
place is as prominent among people with mental retardation as in the
general population. Level of occupation and salary earned were studied
in 227 adults with mild and moderate mental retardation residing in
institutions, hostels, and sheltered homes in Israel. The findings
suggest a correlation between gender and employment similar to that in
the general population. Women were found to be employed mainly in
sheltered workshops and lower levels of occupation, and to earn
significantly less than the men. However, closer examination of each
work place revealed that within each level of occupation there were no
significant gender differences in salary. The finding suggests that
while women with mental retardation earn lower salaries than men, this
is mainly the result of their lower level of occupation.
Rehabilitation efforts should therefore be directed toward ensuring
higher levels of occupation as well as community employment among
women with mental retardation
II.
Authors: Rose, Nancy E.1
Source: Journal of Economic Issues; Jun99, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p453, 8p
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: *CAPITALISM
*ECONOMIC policy
*EMPLOYMENT (Economic theory)
*MANPOWER policy
*MONETARY policy
*UNEMPLOYMENT
Geographic Terms: UNITED States
NAICS/Industry Codes: 92 Public Administration
Abstract: Policies to reduce unemployment have been an integral
component of government programs in most developed capitalist
countries since the end of World War II. Yet this "employment policy"
sounds like an oxymoron of sorts in the U.S. While the U.S. has
pursued full employment policy only in fits and starts, the national
governments of most Western European countries have elaborated
explicit commitments to employment policies designed to decrease
joblessness. These policies have encompassed the following range of
programs: fiscal and monetary policy to stimulate aggregate demand;
direct payments to the unemployed; job placement services; policies to
reduce the labor force, including increasing job flexibility, reducing
the workweek, and promoting early retirement; policies aimed at
industrial mobility, primarily getting industries to locate in areas
of high unemployment; and active labor market policy, which includes
programs to increase labor market mobility, training and retraining,
sheltered training workshops and employer subsidies for
harder-to-employ populations such as the disabled and older workers,
and direct job creation in the public and nonprofit sectors.
III.
Authors: Li-Tsang, C.W.P.
Weiss, P.L. (Tamar)
Curtis, John
Source: Work; 2003, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p45, 7p
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: *EMPLOYMENT (Economic theory)
*LABOR laws & legislation
*PERSONNEL management
DISABILITY evaluation
Geographic Terms: GREAT Britain
NAICS/Industry Codes: 56111 Office Administrative Services
Abstract: In 1996, a paper (Floyd, 1996), on the Vocational
Rehabilitation Services in the United Kingdom, reviewed the way in
which the services had evolved during the past 50 years, since the end
of the second world war. The author described the Disabled Persons
(Employment) Act 1944 and the development of rehabilitation and
placement services and sheltered workshops over the years. He also
gave readers a glimpse of possible future changes, and, in particular,
speculated that the UK might follow the United States in the
professional training and development of employment and vocational
rehabilitation personnel.This paper describes first the main services
currently provided by Government and then outlines the quite
significant legislative changes and one major policy development that
have taken place in the past five years. This includes an overview of
the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which came into force in late
1996, a brief look at some of the early outcomes, and describes the
latest proposals for amendment. A description of the major policy
development (New Deal for Disabled People) is also given but it is too
soon to report on its effectiveness. Whether the changes will lead to
any lasting improvement in labour market participation by disabled
people, remains an unanswered question; certainly, up to the present,
from a statistical point of view, it seems that the position remains
much the same (Curtis J, forthcoming). The paper concludes with
discussion of the latest key issues and returns to the question raised
in 1996 about the training of employment and rehabilitation personnel.
[ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
IV.
Title: Attainment, Gender and Minimum-aged School Leavers' Early
Routes in the Labour Market.
Authors: Biggart, Andy
Source: Journal of Education & Work; Jun2002, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p145, 18p
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms: *LABOR market
DROPOUTS -- Employment
Geographic Terms: SCOTLAND
Abstract: This article uses data from the Scottish School Leavers'
Surveys from the mid-1990s to examine the impact of leaving school at
the minimum age for low attainers, with a particular focus on the
differences between young males and females. The findings question two
general claims that have been made in terms of recent labour market
trends: the 'feminisation' of the labour market, and the process of
'qualification inflation'. The article argues that current conceptions
of these processes have failed to take account of the gendered and
age-structured nature of the labour market. The analysis highlights
the relatively favourable position of the young males in their early
years in the labour market, compared to the females. Drawing on labour
market segmentation theory, the article argues that low-attaining
males have benefited from sheltered entry points within particular
segments, whereas low-attaining females, although fewer in number,
appear to be sidelined by employers in favour of adult women and
better-qualified school leavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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