I was in the USMC from 7/73 to 12/77. On or about 10/77 I had a Courts
Martial. I need ALL available records related to trial including the
Charges, Trial Transcript, Disposition... NOT just my DD-214. My
question is where can I find this information ASAP? National Archives
was only able to provide the DD-214.

I don't know if this helps, and I don't know which National Archives
facility you spoke with, but we were able to get my father's discharge
papers (not just his DD-214) in St. Louis.  In fact, that's where we
went for vacation one year just so he could get his discharge papers. 
Now, they did say that they lost some records in a fire, but I don't
know more details about that.  You might also want to check with the
VA - they might be able to help you out as well.