Hi! Thanks for the interesting question.
Fortunately, after digging a little bit more, I was able to find much
newer and relevant articles for China and India for your needs. I
still included the 1990’s data if you wish to make a comparison in
your study. The following links and articles provide socioeconomic
situations on the effects of Hepatitis B on the countries of China,
India and Africa. I will provide some snippets from the articles which
are directly related to your question so as to save you time but I
certainly suggest that you read the whole article so as to get a
better perspective.
China
In China, Hepatitis B claims the lives of about 400,000 people
annually from liver cancer. Yearly infections could rise to 700,000
people. The Chinese government in order to control this problem spends
about $37.5 million while the Bill Gates foundation will also provide
another $37.5 million in 2002. Why so much concern? It is believed
that two-thirds of worldwide Hepatitis B infection could be found in
China.
Bill Gates Donates $37 Million to Combat Hepatitis B in China (2002
report)
http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hep_b/news/060502d.html
“China and international health groups launched on Saturday a $75
million project to vaccinate newborns against the deadly hepatitis B
virus, which kills an estimated 250,000 annually in the world's most
populous country.”
“Western health experts estimate some 60% of China's 1.3 billion
people have been infected with the disease at some time in their
lives, and 10% are infected now--in part due to reuse of syringes in
hospitals and clinics.”
“At a cost of around $4 for a three-shot course, the vaccine is too
expensive for many in China's vast countryside, where two-thirds of
the population lives.”
China Launches Hepatitis B Vaccine Project (2002 article from Reuters
Health Information)
http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hep_b/news/060502c.html
The following reports of Hepatitis B situations in China were made in
1996 and 1999 but you could still get valuable insights from the
articles.
Hepatitis B and its Control in Southeast Asia and China
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/01vol27/27s3/27s3k_e.html
The Financing of the Vaccination Programme in China
http://216.239.33.100/search?q=cache:lpVPFMs5wcUC:www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/strateg/immunis/seminar/acrobat/shao.pdf+china+hepatitis+B+cost&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
Solitation for Your Support on Hepatitis B Vaccine Distribution
http://chinafoundation1.org/HBletter.htm
-------------
In India Hepatitis B is a very big problem as well.
“Hepatitis-B infection is on the rise in India with 43 million people
identified as carriers of the disease, according to a
gastroenterologist here. The virus, considered 100 per cent more
infectious than AIDS, spreads through blood and body fluid contents
with every five in 100 people in India getting infected, Professor
Ramesh Roop Rai, head of gastroenterology department of S M S Medical
College, has said.”
Hepatitis-B infection rising in India (2001)
http://www.healthlibrary.com/news/15_21_July/20_Hepatitis-B.htm
“Hepatitis B is a significant public health concern in India. It is
estimated that 60% of liver diseases are due to hepatitis B infection
and 80% of liver cancer cases in India are due to hepatitis B. The
challenge of hepatitis B, like AIDS, is that it is "hidden" and its
debilitating impact takes a long time to emerge. The difference is
that there is an effective vaccine for hepatitis B.”
“India will receive assistance to the tune of 4.1 million (US) dollars
over the next two years from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunisation (GAVI) and the Vaccine Fund, based on an application from
the Indian Government and partners. The funds have been awarded to
support the introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine into India's
immunisation program, which does not currently include the vaccine.”
Prime Minister Vajpayee Launches New Initiative To Vaccinate Children
Against Hepatitis B (2002 report)
http://www.unicef.org/newsline/02pr35gavi.htm
“Hepatitis B vaccination requires a total of three doses which costs
Rs 600-900.”
Universal Hepatitis B vaccination not cost-effective (February 2002)
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020212/edit.htm#7
----------------
Africa
“In sub-Saharan Africa, hepatitis B infection is thought to be carried
by up to 90% of the population. It kills at least 180,000 people a
year.”
“Liver cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in African
men.”
“The economic impact is immense since liver cancer is 100% fatal in
Africa and usually strikes men aged between 35 and 45.”
“Despite attempts by the WHO to introduce the hepatitis B vaccine to
all countries by 1997, many, particularly in Africa, do not routinely
vaccinate their children.”
“So far, only Botswana, Gambia and South Africa have a universal
childhood immunisation programme for hepatitis B.”
Preventing childhood deaths (1998)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/background_briefings/international/227075.stm
“In sub-Saharan Africa where there are some of the poorest countries
of the world, and with up to a sixth of the population being hepatitis
carriers, this is a tall order for them. In spite of a rise in overall
immunisation coverage during 1994, for example, many countries still
have immunisation coverage of less than 50 percent.”
“Primary liver cancer has, in this region, become one of the main
causes of cancer death in men with most cases occurring around the age
of 35, a period of high economic productivity and family
responsibility. In Kenya, for example, about 5 percent of the
estimated 30 million people are symptomatic carriers. According to a
doctor at KEMRI, there is an upsurge trend. Thus Kenya is one of the
countries with high incidence of hepatitis B.”
Hepatitis: No Known Cure For This Silent Killer (1998)
http://allafrica.com/stories/199806220068.html
“Prevalence of disease in Africa
World-wide there are 450 million persistant carriers of hepatitis B,
50 million of which are in Africa. Carriage rates vary markedly in
different areas. In South Africa, infection is much more common in
rural communities than in the cities. Hepatitis B is parenterally
transmitted”
VIRAL HEPATITIS (1999) (Information on Hepatitis B at about the middle
of the page)
http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/dihep.html
Search terms used:
China India Africa hepatitis B costs infections statistics
I hope these links would help you in your research. Before rating this
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Answers.
Regards,
Easterangel-ga |
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