Multiple choice please help me to answer the following questions:

1. Resistance to tetracycline is a common trait in bacteria largely
due to
 the fact that tetracycline is used to promote weight gain in beef
cattle and it is an over-the-counter drug in most third world
countries.  Therefore many different mechanisms of resistance to
tetracycline have evolved in the bacteria.  What is not a mechanism of
resistance to tetracycline?

A.	Efflux of tetracycline from the cell by a specific transport
protein
B.	A mutation in the porins of the outer membrane which prevents the
influx of tetracycline
C.	Production of an additional protein, which protects the site on the
ribosome to which tetracycline, binds
D.	   Modification of tetracycline by a specific enzyme that
inactivates it

2.     The membrane bound chemoreceptors of the chemotactic system
undergo what type of modification, which is the trigger for
chemotaxis?

A.	phosphorylation 
B.	methylation
C.	acetylation
D.	dephosphorylation
E.	proteolytic cleavage

 3.The following conditions may be caused by Clostridium perfringens
EXCEPT
		(A)	food poisoning
		(B)	Cellulitic
		(C)	Myonecrosis
		(D)	Septic abortion
		(E)	None of the above

  4.Clostridium perfringens is characterized by the following. EXCEPT
:
		(A)	double hemolysis on sheep blood agar
		(B)	stormy fermentation of milk
		(C)	presence of a terminal spore
		(D)	positive Nagler reaction
		(E)	serum or egg yolk precipitation

   5.Which of the following organisms is NOT histotoxic?
		(A)	Clostridium perfringens
		(B)	Clostridium difficile
		(C)	Clostridium botulinum
		(D)	Clostridium septiculn
		(E)	Clostridium histolyticum

   6.Anton test is useful for the identification of: 
		(A)	Bacillus anthracis
		(B)	Clostridium perfringens 
		(C)	Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		(D)	Streptococcus pneumoniae
		(E)	Listeria monocytogenes

   7.Cornybacterium diphtheriae is associated with all of the
following, EXCEPT:
		(A)	presence of metachomatic granules
		(B)	reduction of tellurite
		(C)	presence of small central spore
		(D)	presence of a temperate bacteriophage
		(E)	formation of pseudomembrane

   8.All of the following organisms may cause meningitis, EXCEPT
		(A)	Listeria monocytogenes
		(B)	Streptococcus pneumoniae
		(C)	Streptococcus agalactiae
		(D)	Campylobacter fetus
		(E)	None of the above




MATCHING:  Please match the description with the appropriate organism
for questions .9-13

		(A)	enterotoxic
		(B)	histotoxic
		(C)	neurotoxic
		(D)	None of the above is applicable
9.Clostridium perfringens

10.Clostridium difficile

11.Clostridium botulinum
12.Clostridium septiculn
13.Clostridium novyi

14.Which of the following readily kills pseudomonas aeruginosa
		(A)	boiling for 10 minutes
		(B)	drying
	(C)treatment with beta-glutaraldehyde
		(D)	treatment with phenolics

	

15.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is
		(A)	A member of the human gastrointestinal flora
		(B)	Able to utilize ammonia compounds as a source of nitrogen 
		(C)	Not normally found on the human skin
		(D)	Is the most frequent cause of post burn infections

1)  "Three different specific mechanisms of tetracycline resistance
have been identified so far: tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection
and tetracycline modification"
http://biosafety.ihe.be/AR/Tetracycline/Menu_Tet

2)  Methylation of membrane bound proteins of the Che family of
chemoreceptors allows for chemotaxis
http://www.molbio.princeton.edu/labs/stock/images/papers/18.pdf

3)  All of the disorders listed can be caused by C. perfringens (I'm
assuming C was supposed to be cellulitis)
http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/closper.html

4)  Terminal spores are characteristic of C. tetani, not C.
perfringens
http://tuspm2003.freeservers.com/micro/Exercise3/exercise3.htm

5)  Well - this one's a little tricky as two of the species are not
histotoxic.  C. difficile is not usually considered histotoxic; C.
botulinum is always considered neurotoxic, so I would answer that one.
http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC420/lecture_notes/clostridia/clostridia.html

6)  Growth in a rabbit's eye (Anton test) is used for Listeria 
http://www.ag.iastate.edu/departments/foodsci/classes/fshn420/methods.html

7)  Corynebacterium do not have spores.  C. Diptheria has the rest of
those features:
http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/Corynebacterium.htm

8)  All of the listed bacteria can cause meningitis.
http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/common.htm
http://www.harcourt-international.com/e-books/pdf/361.pdf
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/msds-ftss/msds29e.html

9)  enterotoxic and histotoxic, though probably more strongly the
latter
10) enterotoxic
11) neurotoxic
12) histotoxic
13)  histotoxic
http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC420/lecture_notes/clostridia/clostridia.html

14) Boiling kills everything except spores, and pseudomonas doesn't
have spores
http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u07/u07_015.htm

15) Pseudomonas is the most frequent cause of post-burn infections (it
is also gut flora in about 10% of people)
http://pearl.sums.ac.ir/AIM/9924/lari9924.html
http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/lectures/tritzid/PSEUDINF.htm

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