Estimado Mestrado Doutorado,
Its true, to speak another language well, one must have "gracia", in
Spanish, and I believe, in Portugeuse it's "ter graça"!
Thank you for accepting the research I have done. I've very much
enjoyed this work and "chatting with you!
I'll repost all the research here, in one place, for convenience -
with the understanding that I will post any e-mail information I
receive, including writing to other primatologists.
You may already be aware of this, but Google Scholar, allows one to
search for scholarly topics, without wading through extraneous "stuff"
Find Google Scholar here:
http://scholar.google.com/
Google's University Seacrh may be useful to you too:
://www.google.com/options/universities.html
Try going to Google Alerts ://www.google.com/alerts and enter
your search terms. Whenever Google locates a new article on , for
example, Chimoanzee wound healing", you will receive an e-mail!
Atentamente, Crabcakes
If this is the Montagna to which you refer, he is also interested
in researching Bigfoot/Sasquach!
"While here the BBC filmed Roger Patterson at HQ, and then shot
several hours of a discussion between Dr. John Napier and the writer
(Ivan Sanderson) with visuals in the form of plaster casts of the
footprints of Bigfoot. Later, they ran an hour on Dr. Joe Wraight in
Washington, D. C., then flew to Denver to interview Professor George
A. Agogino; then on to Dr. Montagna, Head of the Oregon Primate
Center; and ended up with interviews with several persons, of all ages
and walks of life, on the Coast who had told Roger that they had
encountered Bigfoot at close range. It will take two to three months
to edit this film but it will then be aired in Europe, and LIFE
INTERNATIONAL have opted to publish an article on the story
simultaneously."
http://americanbigfootsocietyclearinghouse.blogspot.com/2006_02_03_americanbigfootsocietyclearinghouse_archive.html
?Jablonski, now chairman of the anthropology department at the
California Academy of Sciences, begins by assuming that our earliest
ancestors had fair skin just like chimpanzees, our closest biological
relatives. Between 4.5 million and 2 million years ago, early humans
moved from the rain forest and onto the East African savanna. Once on
the savanna, they not only had to cope with more exposure to the sun,
but they also had to work harder to gather food. Mammalian brains are
particularly vulnerable to overheating: A change of only five or six
degrees can cause a heatstroke. So our ancestors had to develop a
better cooling system.
The answer was sweat, which dissipates heat through evaporation. Early
humans probably had few sweat glands, like chimpanzees, and those were
mainly located on the palms of their hands and the bottoms of their
feet. Occasionally, however, individuals were born with more glands
than usual. The more they could sweat, the longer they could forage
before the heat forced them back into the shade. The more they could
forage, the better their chances of having healthy offspring and of
passing on their sweat glands to future generations.
A million years of natural selection later, each human has about 2
million sweat glands spread across his or her body. Human skin, being
less hairy than chimpanzee skin, "dries much quicker," says Adrienne
Zihlman, an anthropologist at the University of California at Santa
Cruz. "Just think how after a bath it takes much longer for wet hair
to dry."
?Hairless skin, however, is particularly vulnerable to damage from
sunlight. Scientists long assumed that humans evolved melanin, the
main determinant of skin color, to absorb or disperse ultraviolet
light. But what is it about ultraviolet light that melanin protects
against? Some researchers pointed to the threat of skin cancer. But
cancer usually develops late in life, after a person has already
reproduced. Others suggested that sunburned nipples would have
hampered breast-feeding. But a slight tan is enough to protect mothers
against that problem.?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/3/text_pop/l_073_04.html
?Wound healing studies have been performed on a wide variety of
species, and although differences in rates of healing have been
generally acknowledged the dogma has developed that wound healing is a
more or less homogeneous process across species lines. Recently,
however, differences in wound healing have been discovered even in
closely related animals. Literature and clinical impression indicate
that the cat seems to be predisposed to certain cutaneous wound
healing problems that are seen less frequently in the dog. Recent
investigations have examined differences in wound healing between the
dog and cat, with the goal of improving the clinical outcome of wound
healing problems in the cat. Testing methods and clinical applications
of findings are presented.?
http://www.iknowledgenow.com/search.cfm?keywordlist=Dogs
?On at least two occasions he is factually incorrect. For example
on 'skin-bonded fat deposits' Moore dismisses the table as wrong,
suggesting that our fat deposits are like other primates. Montagna
(1985:p14) wrote "...human skin acquired a hypodermal fatty layer
(panniculus adiposus) which is considerably thicker than that found in
other primates, or mammals for that matter." And Moore's claim that
hymen are only found 'only in fin whales' among the aquatics is
directly contradicted by Fichtelius (1991).?
?William Montagna, arguably the world's leading expert in mammalian
skin, writing in the Journal of Human Evolution in 1985 completely
contradicts Moore's claim. He writes "Together with the loss of a
furry cover, human skin acquired a hypodermal fatty layer (panniculus
adiposus) which is considerably thicker than that found in other
primates, or mammals for that matter." (Montagna 1985:p14).
It seems that here it is Moore, not the infamous AAT leaflet, which is
just plain wrong.?
http://www.riverapes.com/AAH/Arguments/JimMoore/Characteristics.htm
?A subterminal satellite located adjacent to telomeres in
chimpanzees is absent from the human genome
Nicola J. Royle1, 2, Duncan M. Baird1 & Alec J. Jeffreys1
1Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road,
Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
One of the significant unresolved differences between the karyotypes
of humans and African apes is the presence of positively staining
G?bands at the ends of many chromosome arms in the chimpanzee and
gorilla but absent from human chromosomes. Using a telomere anchored
PCR strategy, we have isolated DNA from a subterminal satellite,
composed of a 32 basepair A?T rich repeat, from the chimpanzee genome
that hybridizes to all the additional terminal bands and at two
interstitial sites. The satellite is more abundant in gorillas and is
not detected in humans or orang?utans. Furthermore, there is no
similarity between other chimpanzee telomere?junction clones and human
subterminal sequences, and therefore the organization of sequences
adjacent to telomeres is very different between these closely related
primates.?
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n1/abs/ng0194-52.html;jsessionid=57771F350E263B6C53E5C73C3EAC4633
?Sequences from higher primates orthologous to the human Xp/Yp
telomere junction region reveal gross rearrangements and high levels
of divergence?
?This divergence is similar to that observed between the human Xp/Yp
telomere-adjacent haplotypes. The high sequence divergence and
evidence of gross rearrangements indicate that the Xp/Yp telomeric
region has evolved faster than the rest of the genome.?
?These data suggest an ancestral structure for the Xp/Yp telomere
junction region of the higher primates (Fig. 5 ). They also suggest
that the terminal sequences of the great ape chromosomes are
relatively transient, such that subterminal sequence organisation is
unique to a lineage. This dynamism may reflect the ability of
telomerase to heal broken chromosomes, resulting in the truncation of
the chromosome and repositioning of the telomere, as seen for example
in the human and possibly the orang-utan orL structure. However, the
presence of subterminal satellite and structures other than a telomere
in the chimpanzee and the gorilla indicates that the dynamics of
subterminal sequences have also influenced the relative position of
the Xp/Yp telomere.?
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/6/13/2291#top
?Comparison of mammalian genomes revealed evolutionary conservation
of the VDRE in a short interspersed nuclear element or SINE in the
CAMP promoter of primates that was absent in the mouse, rat, and
canine genomes. Our findings reveal a novel activity of
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the VDR in regulation of primate innate
immunity.? Gombart, A. F., Borregaard, N., Koeffler, H. P. Human
cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of
the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells
by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3. FASEB J. 19, 1067?1077 (2005)?
?We showed that induction occurs in the cells of the bone marrow.
Moreover, we discovered that the induction of CAMP by vitamin D3 does
not occur in mice. In fact, it appears that this mechanism is
conserved in primates (humans and chimpanzees) and not in other
mammals as suggested by the absence of the VDRE in the murine, rat,
and canine CAMP promoters. The VDRE is present in a SINE
element of the Alu-Sx subfamily. These elements can retrotranspose
from a progenitor element to other locations in the genome during
evolution. It would appear that this event occurred in a primate
progenitor.
Whether this element is conserved in all primates (other than humans
and chimpanzees), as well as in New World and Old World monkeys, has
not been determined?
?Boosting CAMP/hCAP18 levels potentially could protect against this
condition after surgery and speed wound healing.?
http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/courses/biochem911/pdfs/Gombart_et_al.pdf
?Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process encompassing a number
of overlapping events that include leukocyte recruitment, matrix
deposition, epithelialization, and ultimately resolution of
inflammation with the formation of a mature scar. Impaired age-related
wound healing states ? involving both acute wounds that fail to heal
and chronic ulcers ? are characterized by excessive leukocytosis and
subsequently enhanced proteolytic degradation of matrix constituents?
?Recent reports suggest that both gonadal androgens and adrenal sex
steroid precursors in primates may act not only through the AR but
also via the estrogen receptor. Our findings are in keeping with
gonadal androgens acting specifically through the AR to reduce local
tissue inflammation and modulate wound repair. Since TNF-? activates
NF-?B, which in turn induces gene expression of a plethora of
proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-? itself, we investigated the
activity of NF-?B in wound tissue nuclear extracts from control and
flutamide-treated male mice. EMSA showed NF-?B activity to be strongly
increased in day 3 wound tissue compared with normal skin; activation
was suppressed by flutamide treatment (Figure 6c). Such data suggest a
potential role for the AR in mediating the positive feedback loop that
exists between TNF-? and NF-?B activity.?
http://www.pubmedcentral.com/articlerender.fcgi?artid=151108
?The present study tested the effects of local injection of IL-1
and TNF soluble receptors on a periodontal wound-healing model in
nonhuman primates. In this model, periodontal lesions were developed
for 16 wk, followed by open flap surgery. Starting at the time of
surgery, groups of animals received localized injections of both
soluble cytokine receptors or else PBS three times per week for 3, 14,
or 35 days. Periodontal wound healing was analyzed for each group at
the end of the treatment regimen. Fourteen days after surgery, a
significant decrease was observed between the animals treated with
soluble receptors and the untreated group with respect to recruitment
of inflammatory cells in deep gingival connective tissue. Concurrent
apoptosis of inflammatory cells in those tissues increased
significantly in treated animals compared with untreated animals.?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15322216&dopt=Abstract
?Animal Models: Chimpanzees, other primates, guinea pigs, cats,
hamsters, mice, and rats have been successfully infected with human
biopsy material. Changes in the central nervous system are similar
in guinea pigs to those seen in man and involve vacuolization in the
neurons and astrocytes.
http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/guinea/gpmodel.txt
?It has been reported that the telomere length in peripheral blood
lymphocytes of the higher primates P. troglodytes (chimpanzee) and
Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) varies from 15 to 20 kb [21]. It was thus
claimed that the shorter telomeres of humans may be unique among
primates [22]. However, there are currently no data about replicative
aging and telomere biology in nonhuman primates.
Short telomeres limit the replicative capacity of all anthropoid
species, and elongation and maintenance of telomeres by hTERT were
accompanied by extension of the in vitro life span in all nonhuman
primate fibroblasts. Not only was hTERT able to interact with the
integral RNA component of other primates, including the lemur, it was
also able to interact with the other cofactors in primates needed for
recruiting to and acting on the end of telomeres. Given the large
scatter reported in telomere length and cultured life span among
different human donors, comparing the in vitro life span of single
fibroblast cultures to the life expectancy of each species is not
justified.?
http://www.swmed.edu/home_pages/cellbio/shay-wright/publications/telomerebiology.pdf
?The earliest members of the hominid lineage probably had a mostly
unpigmented or lightly pigmented integument covered with dark black
hair, similar to that of the modern chimpanzee. The evolution of a
naked, darkly pigmented integument occurred early in the evolution of
the genus Homo. A dark epidermis protected sweat glands from
UV-induced injury, thus insuring the integrity of somatic
thermoregulation. Of greater significance to individual reproductive
success was that highly melanized skin protected against UV-induced
photolysis of folate (Branda &Eaton, 1978, Science201, 625?626;
Jablonski, 1992, Proc. Australas. Soc. Hum. Biol.5,455?462, 1999, Med.
Hypotheses52, 581?582), a metabolite essential for normal development
of the embryonic neural tube (Bower & Stanley, 1989, The Medical
Journal of Australia150, 613?619; Medical Research Council Vitamin
Research Group, 1991, The Lancet338, 31?37) and spermatogenesis
(Cosentino et al., 1990, Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.87, 1431?1435;
Mathur et al., 1977, Fertility Sterility28, 1356?1360).
As hominids migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of
depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of
previtamin D3. The lighter color of female skin may be required to
permit synthesis of the relatively higher amounts of vitamin
D3necessary during pregnancy and lactation.
Skin coloration in humans is adaptive and labile. Skin pigmentation
levels have changed more than once in human evolution. Because of
this, skin coloration is of no value in determining phylogenetic
relationships among modern human groups.?
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://ap/hu/2000/00000039/00000001/art00403&unc=
?Predators will limp and are less stoical. When in pain, such
animals will rest a lot and lick wounds.?
http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/rt/2402/PDF/jordan515-528.pdf
?Normal chimpanzees can vary considerably in size. Adults can weigh
anywhere from 20 to 80 kilograms. Their skin is also quite different
from ours. Their sebaceous glands (which function to ?waterproof? the
skin) are not as well developed, and only rarely contain glycogen
granules, which are abundant in all human sebaceous glands. Apocrine
sweat glands, which are found only in the underarm and genital area of
humans, are distributed over most of the body of chimps. Humans lack
sinus hair follicles (?whiskers?), which are present in the brow, lips
and chin of chimps.28
These dramatic differences highlight the problems with using
chimpanzees as surrogates for human diseases. Not only is data from
chimpanzees misleading, but their continued use aggravates their
dwindling numbers.?
http://www.pcrm.org/resch/anexp/chimps.html
?Compare one?s body to that of a chimpanzee?there are many similarities. Look
for example, at its arms or legs, which have rather different proportion from our
own, but are basically the same. If we look at the internal organs
there is not much to distinguish a chimpanzee?s heart or liver from
our own. Even if we examined the cells in these organs, we will again
find that they are very similar to ours. Yet we are different, very
different from chimpanzees?We posses no cell types that the chimpanzee
does not, nor does the chimpanzee have any cells that we do not have.
The difference between us and the chimpanzee lies in the spatial
organization of the cells.6?
http://www.navs.org/site/DocServer/Medical_Research_detail.pdf?docID=401
?Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the fibroblast
growth factor family. Portions of the gene encoding KGF were amplified
during primate evolution and are present in multiple nonprocessed
copies in the human genome. Nucleotide analysis of a representative
sampling of these KGF-like sequences indicated that they were at least
95% identical to corresponding regions of the KGF gene. To localize
these sequences to specific chromosomal sites in human and higher
primates, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization. In human, using
a cosmid probe encoding KGF exon 1, we assigned the location of the
KGF gene to chromosome 15q15-21.1. In addition, copies of KGF-like
sequences hybridizing only with a cosmid probe encoding exons 2 and 3
were localized to dispersed sites on chromosome 2q21, 9p11, 9q12-13,
18p11, 18q11, 21q11, and 21q21.1.
The distribution of KGF-like sequences suggests a role for alphoid
DNA in their amplification and dispersion. In chimpanzee, KGF-like
sequences were observed at five chromosomal sites, which were each
homologous to sites in human, while in gorilla, a subset of four of
these homologous sites was identified; in orangutan two sites were
identified, while gibbon exhibited only a single site.?
http://www.snps3d.org/search/?q=geneid:2252&hLight=pressure,&limitShow=10
?A potential reason for that difference is a segment of human DNA
called a pseudogene. The actual gene, known as ?hHaA, makes a keratin
protein in chimps and gorillas. Although the same DNA sequence is
preserved in humans, human cells don't use it to make the protein.
That's why scientists call it a pseudogene.
"I don't have any sense that this necessarily is a clue," Neufeld
says. "It's just the only article I was able to find in the literature
that distinguished human hair from chimpanzee or gorilla hair, in
terms of molecular biology and biochemical makeup."
http://mednews.wustl.edu/tips/page/normal/4405.html
In some animal models, scientists have found that hair follicle stem
cells aid in skin healing!
?Wounds, including skin ulcers and other dermatological problems
associated with diabetes, circulatory problems, and other diseases,
are a growing medical problem in the United States, notes senior
author George Cotsarelis, MD, Associate Professor of Dermatology.
Previous work by the Penn research team had outlined the hair-growth
process to show that stem cells in the hair follicle "bulge" area
generate new lower hair follicles, which in turn, generate new hair.
Their latest finding?that these same stem cells play a key role in
initiating wound healing?will help lay the foundation for designing
more effective wound-healing strategies.?
http://www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org/WhatsNew/December_2005.htm#1
http://www.theallineed.com/biology/06012504.htm
?Epidermal melanin has important evolutionary and physiological
implications, particularly for unclothed humans. Thus high melanin
content (racial pigmentation) protects the skin against ultraviolet
(UV)-induced skin damage through its optical and chemical filtering
properties (8). Indeed, skin pigment levels and anthropological origin
are closely associated, with higher pigment amounts in regions of
lower latitude and higher UV radiation levels. However, this
connection may only be a recent human adaptation since early hominids
may have possessed dark, dense, terminal body hair. A closely related
primate, the chimpanzee, similar to most other nonhuman primates,
exhibits white or lightly pigmented epidermis (591). Interestingly,
chimpanzees have active melanocytes only in the epidermis of those
areas directly exposed to UV radiation, e.g., face and friction
surfaces?
http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/84/4/1155
?Thank goodness for N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). As yet, a
variation in this single sugar is the only consequence that
researchers are able to ascribe directly to the one to two per cent
difference in genomes that distinguishes us humans from one of our
closest evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees. What makes Neu5Gc so
special in evolutionary terms is that - unlike chimps and all other
mammals - we humans do not possess an active gene that encodes the
enzyme responsible for producing it. Unlike in all other mammals,
therefore, this sugar is totally absent from human brains. This simple
change in brain chemistry, some scientists are now speculating, may
explain why we humans went on to develop the higher intelligence that
supposedly separates us from all 'lower' species. Had evolution taken
a different course, who knows - maybe Planet of the apes might not
seem so far-fetched after all.?
?Biological recognition in this way is incredibly subtle, Dell says.
The best example involves a cluster of sugars called sialyl Lewis x
(sLex) that bind to a trio of proteins called selectins (E, L and P).
Recognition in this case typically occurs when body tissues are
damaged or injured in some way. When damage occurs, selectins appear
on the surfaces of cells lining nearby blood vessels. There they
recognise and bind to sLex on the surface of white blood cells or
leukocytes in the circulating bloodstream, thereby recruiting these
defensive cells to fight infection at the site of injury.?
?THP is just one more piece in the jigsaw puzzle of how human life
arguably begins. Gradually, researchers are beginning to assemble the
bigger picture. But progress may be about to accelerate. With the
unravelling of the human genome, researchers are already learning more
about the structures of the key transferase enzymes involved in
glycoprotein synthesis. In a different context, this has also been
exploited in the recent headline-making news about growing human
organs successfully in pigs. The trick here is to knock out or
suppress the activity of the transferase a-1,3-galactosyl (or
alpha-gal) that adds to the surface of pig cells. This is a sugar that
human tissues recognise as foreign and would attempt to reject.
Evolution was apparently once again responsible for the loss of this
particular enzyme in humans and Old World primates. Sugars, in all
their various guises, it seems may have a bigger part to play in all
aspects of life than anyone might previously have suspected. Exactly
what role the selectins may have in this story still remains to be
seen.?
http://www.chemsoc.org/chembytes/ezine/2002/odriscoll_jul02.htm
The entire article from which this paragraph is abstracted costs $39 USD
?In human airways, ?-defensins function in the elimination of various
pathogens. They have been identified in a wide range of species. Here
we report the identification and expression of chimpanzee ?-defensin-1
(cBD1), which is a homolog of human ?-defensin-1, in chimpanzee
airways and skin. The cBD1 cDNA sequence differs by only one
synonymous nucleotide substitution compared to the human cDNA
sequence. In situ hybridization revealed that in lung tissue beside
alveolar macrophages also airway epithelial cells, endothelial cells
and type II pneumocytes express cBD1 mRNA. In skin, cBD1 mRNA was
expressed in keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Together, these
results show similarity in structure and expression pattern and
perhaps in function.?
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0684.2000.290502.x
?In mammals, wound healing is a complex process which starts when a
clot forms over the injury. Gradually, cells "migrate" into the clot
to close the wound. However, in the mice lacking the gene, the skin
cells needed to close the wound appeared to be produced, but instead
of heading into the clot, they "bunched up" at the edges of the wound.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2956762.stm
?Isik also discovered that only the bone marrow-derived cells were
able to make a particular type of collagen found not just in healed
wounds, but in skin all over the body. This led him to conclude that
cells from bone marrow help form the tough, yet expandable, matrix of
skin. Isik now wonders whether diseases that interfere with wound
healing, such as diabetes, do so because they affect bone marrow
cells. In time, this line of research may reveal targets for drugs to
speed wound healing.?
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:7HKTkWv0IVIJ:publications.nigms.nih.gov/findings/mar05/findings_mar05.pdf+matrix+molecules+%2B+healing+%2B+chimpanzee&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=14
?"When primate skin heals, the ridges curl inward toward the
wound," he said. "Someone would have to know a real lot about biology
and dermatoglyphics to know that. Anybody that smart wouldn't be
messing with fakes."? Chilcutt developed an expertise in primate skin
patterns as an offshoot of his ongoing study of the human fingerprint.
His archive of more than 1,000 ape-skin impressions - prints he
collected from tranquilized orangutans, chimpanzees and gorillas - is
the largest such collection in the world.
When Chilcutt visited Meldrum's lab, it seemed his hunch would turn
out to be accurate. He quickly determined that the ridges he found in
the first track Meldrum gave him were from a human finger.:
http://www.bfro.net/GDB/show_article.asp?id=53
?Human skin also differs from that of primates in respect of its
greater thickness and elasticity, a radical transformation of the skin
glands, and the way it is connected to a layer of fibrous tissue and a
fat layer, described by John Napier as "one of humankind?s greatest
unsung hallmarks" and found elsewhere only in aquatic species. William
Montagna after years of exhaustive research into all aspects of
primate skin, reported in 1972 that the problem of human nakedness
continued to defy solution.?
http://users.ugent.be/~mvaneech/Morgan.html
?Quantitative comparisons by a sensitive enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay indicated that certain primate involucrins have a
higher density of antigenic determinants than the human protein,
whereas others lack some determinant(s).
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=299341
?The presence of phylogenetically distinct and functionally and
structurally differing sweat glands within humans and several closely
related species indicate that either the distribution of eccrine
glands (and associated reduction of apocrine glands throughout the
body) can be traced back to the common ancestor of chimpanzees,
gorillas, and humans, that it can be traced back to the common
ancestor of chimpanzees and humans with a parallel development in
Gorilla (or common ancestry for humans and gorillas with separate
origin in Pan depending on the phylogenetic tree used), or that it has
a separate origin in all three lineages. Through parsimony, the least
likely scenario would be complete independent formation of the eccrine
distribution, but it should be noted that in a species of tree shrew,
an eccrine system has developed independently; and therefore
independent origin is not at all impossible. Proceeding to a more
parsimonious answer, the shared derived state of two lineages and the
independent origin in one species, it is unclear if this is - in
reality - more likely than complete three-way independent origin, as
if the selective pressures under whose aegis this trait would develop
was common to all lineages and developed independently in at least two
lineages within a relatively short evolutionary timeframe, it may be
no more likely for two origins versus three, though it is more
parsimonious.
The most parsimonious explanation is the single origin of the trait
and the shared derived status of the eccrine distribution in the three
African lineages. Parsimony leads to the most logical choice in terms
of probabilities within a sterile mathematical phylogeny, but does not
always provide the most likely scenario, which must be determined from
the whole of available evidence.?
http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/anth501.html
You may find this Listserve interesting:
?The source is : The skin of non-human primates by William
Montagna in Am. Zoologist, 12:109-124 (1972)
re eccrine glands in primates :"One might surmise that, like
man, these animals sweat in response to heat stimulation.
However, with singular exceptions, if the glands secrete at
all, the amount is so small that it cannot be recorded.
Sometimes animals show beads of sweat on the facial
disc when under deep anesthesia, but our efforts to induce
thermal sweating have failed. We have also largely failed to
induce sweating with sudorific drugs. In the chimpanzee,
very few, small sweat drops were recorded even after the
administration of shockingly large doses of these drugs."
"why do these glands not function when they seem to have all
the equipment for doing so?"
"It appears, then, that eccrine glands are relatively new
acquisitions in the hairy skin of primates and that only in
man do they really serve the purpose of thermoregulation."
http://unauthorised.org/anthropology/sci.anthropology.paleo/july-1995/0431.html
"Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process encompassing a number
of overlapping events that include leukocyte recruitment, matrix
deposition, epithelialization, and ultimately resolution of
inflammation with the formation of a mature scar. Impaired age-related
wound healing states ? involving both acute wounds that fail to heal
and chronic ulcers ? are characterized by excessive leukocytosis and
subsequently enhanced proteolytic degradation of matrix constituents?
?One critical mediator of wound healing is the hormone estrogen, which
accelerates repair in both human and animal models.?
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/110/5/615
?Wound healing and tissue repair is highly dependent upon the
optimal regulatory control of local and systemic hormones, sequential
release of essential cytokines, optimal load histories, and nutrient
delivery to the injured area. Following spaceflight and/or HS, a
diminished immune system response has been reported (7). Decreased
IL-1, IL-2 and TNF-? production was recorded from rat spleen cells
flown on the SLS-2 mission (5).
A decreased lymphocyte function was recorded in Russian cosmonauts
following spaceflight (1), while rhesus monkeys flown 14 days have
exhibited a decrease in IL-1 production and a decrease in IL-2
receptor expression (6) Other endocrine functions are compromised
during spaceflight and hindlimb suspension, specifically the secretion
of growth hormone (GH).
Hindlimb unloaded rats showed a diminished secretion of
bioassayable GH, a decreased responsiveness to growth hormone
releasing factor (GRF) (2), and a decreased immunoassayable plasma GH
in intact rats (10) and decreased plasma GH concentration following
spaceflight (2). Non-human primates showed a marked suppression of GH
secretion after 14 d of flight on the BION 10 (Cosmos 2229) (3). Thus,
it is apparent that changes in immune and endocrine functions occur in
humans (astronauts and cosmonauts), non-human primates and rodents
following spaceflight and could compromise the wound healing
processes. Therefore, the primary objective of our project is to use
the rodent knee ligament injury repair model to study the impact HS
has on the wound healing processes.?
http://www.dsls.usra.edu/meetings/bio2001/pdf/068.pdf
?Wild chimpanzees eat several plant species claimed by traditional
healers to cure diseases. However, the behaviour leading apes to
ingest these peculiar species is not clearly understood. Some of the
items consumed by chimpanzees have low nutritional value, and there is
a growing body of evidence suggesting that health might be improved or
regulated by such ingestion. Observations concerning the diet and the
health condition of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
in the Kibale National Park (Uganda) are discussed in relation to the
ethnomedicinal utilization of plant species reviewed in literature.
Among the 163 plant parts known to be eaten by these chimpanzees, at
least 35 (21.4%) are used in traditional medicine as treatments for
intestinal parasites, skin infections, reproduction and respiratory
diseases.?
?Aglaia (family Meliaceae) plants are used in traditional medicine
(e.g., in Vietnam) for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and
allergic inflammatory disorders such as asthma. Inflammatory diseases
arise from inappropriate activation of the immune system, leading to
abnormal expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and
tissue-destructive enzymes. The active compounds isolated from these
plants are derivatives of rocaglamide. In this study we show that
rocaglamides are potent immunosuppressive phytochemicals that suppress
IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-4 production in peripheral blood T
cells at nanomolar concentrations. We demonstrate that rocaglamides
inhibit cytokine gene expression at the transcriptional level.
http://dumenat.smbh.univ-paris13.fr/medl/05pdf/05/2005_05_tradmed2.pdf
?Chimps are lumped with gorillas and orangutans in the same family,
Pongidae, whereas humans are in the family Hominidae.
But a study in 2003 found that 99.4 percent of important DNA sites are
the same in chimps and humans. Other researchers have since concluded
that there are crucial differences in the genetic software of the two
species, however. Only a few months ago was the full chimp DNA
sequence unraveled.?
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10994885/from/RL.2/
?Since differences in wound healing between sexes appeared to be
significant in humans, we further investigated the mechanisms
underlying these responses in an animal model. Male gonads secrete a
number of factors that may influence wound repair. In addition to the
predominant hormone testosterone and small quantities of estrogen,
other factors produced by the testes have been shown to modulate wound
repair in animal models, including activin and follistatin (30-32). We
reasoned that since testosterone is produced in the most significant
quantities, coupled with the correlation in humans between delayed
healing and testosterone levels, the effects we observed after
castration were modulated by gonadal androgens. To determine the
mechanisms underlying the effects of castration, we used AR blockade
with oral administration of flutamide prior to and during the wound
healing process. Our results suggest that flutamide treatment results
in accelerated healing and dampened inflammation, mimicking the
effects of castration (Figure 6, a and b), and was associated with
reduced tissue expression of TNF- (Figure 6c).
Recent reports suggest that both gonadal androgens and adrenal sex
steroid precursors in primates may act not only through the AR but
also via the estrogen receptor. Our findings are in keeping with
gonadal androgens acting specifically through the AR to reduce local
tissue inflammation and modulate wound repair. Since TNF- activates
NF- B, which in turn induces gene expression of a plethora of
proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF- itself, we investigated the
activity of NF- B in wound tissue nuclear extracts from control and
flutamide-treated male mice. EMSA showed NF- B activity to be strongly
increased in day 3 wound tissue compared with normal skin; activation
was suppressed by flutamide treatment (Figure 6c). Such data suggest a
potential role for the AR in mediating the positive feedback loop that
exists between TNF- and NF- B activity. ?
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/110/5/615
?Many primate species serve as surrogates in studies of human
physiology and disease, and their nutritional status is known to
influence susceptibility and tissue responses to infective agents. The
validity of such research is open to question if the experimental
subjects have not been appropriately nourished. Likewise, the health
and reproduction of primates in zoos can be compromised to an extent
that renders the maintenance or multiplication of endangered species
impossible.?
http://library.primate.wisc.edu/collections/books/nutrient.html
?A new model developed by Michael Galko, a postdoctoral fellow in
the lab of biochemist Mark Krasnow at Stanford, may expedite answers.
Writing in the journal Public Library of Science Biology (August
2004), he describes a puncture-wound assay in Drosophila larvae that
shares important cellular and molecular features with vertebrate
healing. Even the authors were surprised that the broad outlines were
so similar, given the differences in tissue architecture between fruit
flies and vertebrate animals. The work has attracted enthusiastic
support among colleagues.
According to Paul Martin of the University of Bristol in the U.K., a
leader in the field and author of more than 30 papers on the science
of wound healing, such similarities in a "genetically tractable"
organism provide a powerful tool: "It's got scabs, migratory cells and
genetics to boot."?
?A bare summary of wound healing in mammals goes like this: As
blood clots, the clot traps platelets and cells in a net of connective
fibers. The platelets attract immune cells to attack bacteria and
scavenge debris; keratinocytes (skin cells) creep toward the damage,
using the scab as scaffolding. Finally, fibroblasts (other skin cells)
pay out collagen fibers and provide the muscle (literally) to tug the
wound closed as migrating cells cover the site and re-form a covering
of layered skin. The puncture model in Drosophila larvae follows the
same general script, albeit with a few twists.?
?Full-thickness wounds were made in fetal rhesus monkey lips from 75
through 114 days gestation (n = 6, term = 165 days). Wounds were
harvested at 14 days postwounding and processed for histology
(hematoxylin & eosin, Masson's trichrome) as well as
immunohistochemistry (human type I or type III collagen). RESULTS:
Wounds healed with complete restoration of normal tissue architecture
in the 75-day gestation fetus. However in the 85-100 day gestation
fetuses, wounds healed with an absence of hair follicles and sebaceous
glands, but the dermal collagen pattern remained reticular and similar
to that in unwounded dermis. At 107 days, a thin scar was present in
the wound, thereby demonstrating a transition to scar formation
between 100 and 107 days gestation (early 3rd trimester) in the
non-human primate. CONCLUSIONS: In the non-human primate fetus, a
transition from scarless repair to adult-type repair with scar
formation occurs in the early third trimester. These data provide
insight into the transition process; the ontogeny of scar formation is
characterized initially by wounds healing without the presence of
epidermal appendages but with a normal reticular dermal collagen
pattern, which we term the "transition wound."?
http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/39262
?In considering the color of human skin in the long span of human
evolution, Jablonski and Chaplin note that there is no empirical
evidence to suggest that the human ancestors six million years ago had
a skin color different from the skin color of today's
chimpanzees?namely pale-skinned under black hair. But as humans
evolved to lose their body hair a parallel evolution permitted human
populations to turn their base skin color dark or white over a period
of less than a thousand years to adjust to the competing demands of 1)
increasing eumelanin to protect from UV that was too intense and 2)
reducing eumelanin so that enough UV would penetrate to synthesize
enough vitamin D.
By this explanation, in the time that humans lived only in Africa,
humans had dark skin to the extent that they lived for extended
periods of time where the sunlight is intense. As some humans migrated
north, over time they developed white skin, though they retained
within the gene pool the capability to develop black skin when they
migrated to areas with intense sunlight again, such as across the
Bering Strait and south to the Equator.?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_color
?Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee
skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis;
approximately 3,320+/-350 per square millimeter skin. Chimpanzee
melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In keratinocytes,
these organelles are individually dispersed in all body regions,
regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other mammalian
species with large melanosomes.?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1211438&dopt=Abstract
?DABSKA-LIKE TUMOR IN A CHIMPANZEE (Pan Troglodytes).
D.A. Alves1, M.F. Stidworthy2, J.M. Hamilton3, J.C.M. Lewis2, D.A.
Belote1, and M.G. Mense1. 1Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,
Washington, D.C.; 2International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley, West
Yorkshire, UK; and 3IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK.
In humans, the Dabska tumor (malignant endovascular papillary
angioendothelioma, papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma) is
considered an extremely rare, low-grade malignancy that most often
affects infants and children. It shows a wide anatomic distribution,
with predilection for the skin. The medical literature suggests that
these lesions recur locally and rarely spread to lymph nodes without
systemic metastasis. Close clinical monitoring for regrowth or
metastasis is recommended. This 4 year-old male chimpanzee (Pan
troglodytes) had a rapidly appearing, approximately 75 x 50 mm in
diameter, raised, cutaneous, sparsely haired, plaque-like dermal
nodule in the mid-lumbar region of the back. Microscopically, within
the dermis, neoplastic cells variably occlude dilated lymphatics and
extend as papillary structures from the lymphatic lining. When not
visibly intravascular, the cells form nodules and nests, and
infiltrate the adjacent dermis.
Neoplastic cells are spindled to polygonal and are supported by a
moderate fibrovascular stroma that is often centrally hyalinized.
Cells have variably distinct borders, scant to small amounts of
eosinophilic fibrillar to amorphous cytoplasm, and oval nuclei with
finely stippled chromatin and 1-2 distinct nucleoli. There is mild
anisokaryosis and mitotic figures average 1-2 per high power field.
Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells are positive for vimentin,
CD31, CD34, Factor VIII related antigen, and S100; and negative for
kermix, keratin 903, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, epithelial
membrane antigen (EMA), Ber EP4 epithelial antigen, and Melan A. To
date, this lesion has not recurred after removal. To our knowledge,
there are no published reports of a similar primary lymphatic neoplasm
in a non-human primate.?
http://www.acvp.org/meeting/2004/2004yiawinners.php
?We here report on the identification of a novel human EGF-TM7
receptor, designated EMR4. Like most EGF-TM7 receptor genes, EMR4 is
localized on the short arm of chromosome 19, in close proximity to
EMR1. Remarkably, due to a one-nucleotide deletion in exon 8,
translation of human EMR4 would result in a truncated 232-amino acid
protein lacking the entire seven-span transmembrane region. This
deletion is not present in nonhuman primates, including chimpanzees,
suggesting that EMR4 became nonfunctional only after human speciation,
about five million years ago. Thus, EMR4 surprisingly accounts for a
genetic difference between humans and primates related to immunity.?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12731063&dopt=Abstract
Edited by Montagna:
?The Arg163Gln variant is absent in the Africans studied, almost
absent in Europeans, and at a low frequency (7%) in Indians, but is at
an exceptionally high frequency (70%) in East and Southeast Asians.
The MC1R gene in common and pygmy chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and
baboon was sequenced to study the evolution of MC1R. The ancestral
human MC1R sequence is identical to the human consensus protein
sequence, while MC1R varies considerably among higher primates. A
comparison of the rates of substitution in genes in the melanocortin
receptor family indicates that MC1R has evolved the fastest. In
addition, the nucleotide diversity at the MC1R locus is shown to be
several times higher than the average nucleotide diversity in human
populations, possibly due to diversifying selection.?
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/151/4/1547
?GENE FUNCTION - Werner et al. (1994) assessed the function of KGF
in normal and wounded skin by expression of a dominant-negative KGF
receptor (176943) in basal keratinocytes. The skin of transgenic mice
was characterized by epidermal atrophy, abnormalities in the hair
follicles, and dermal hyperthickening. Upon skin injury, inhibition of
KGF receptor signaling reduced the proliferation rate of epidermal
keratinocytes at the wound edge, resulting in substantially delayed
reepithelialization of the wound.?
http://srs.embl-heidelberg.de:8000/srs5bin/cgi-bin/wgetz?-e+%5Bomim-id:148180%5D
Articles for purchase:
======================
You may be interested in purchasing this article. This is the Google snippet:
?? worked with chimpanzees in Africa. (continued on page 28) ... A
Scar Is Born. T. he mechanism underlying acne. scar formation is
poorly under- ...?
http://dermatology.jwatch.org/issue_pdf/JD0403.PDF
?The vital role of the skin in human natural historyBruce A. Cohn MD? $39 USD
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00575.x
?The skin of primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin? $25 USD
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110487053/ABSTRACT
Purchase this article for $25 USD:
The skin of primates. XV. The skin of the chimpanzee (Pan satyrus)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110523742/ABSTRACT
Abstract
The epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpanzee was studied by the
combined skin-splitting DOPA, and electron microscopic techniques. It
is very similar to man. There are DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes
in all body regions regardless of the degree of macroscopic skin
pigmentation or hirsutism. Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to
rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in
the epidermis; approximately 3,320 ± 350 per square millimeter skin.
Chimpanzee melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In
keratinocytes, these organelles are individually dispersed in all body
regions, regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other
mammalian species with large melanosomes.
This article can be purchased for $25 USD
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110488365/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
An unscientific bit of information:
?Apart from those skeletal differences, we don?t have primate brains
(that is an understatement!), throats (we can?t eat or drink and
breathe at the same time; they can); voices (they can make loud calls,
but we can modulate them into the tiny pieces of sound that make up
words); body covering (they all have pelts of hair from head to toe,
thick on the back and lighter on the front; we have no pelt and our
thickness pattern is reversed); we cool ourselves by sweating
profusely (they tend to pant, though some sweat lightly); we shed
tears of emotion (no other primate does); we do not regulate our salt
intake (all other primates do); we have a layer of fat of varying
thickness attached to the underside of our skin, which primates do not
have; that fat layer prevents wounds to our skin from healing as
easily as wounds to primate skin; human females have no estrus cycle,
as do all primates; but the number one difference between humans and
primates is that humans have only 46 chromosomes while all higher
primates have 48!?
http://www.lloydpye.com/A-Darwinism.htm
?Laboratory-based primatologists, particularly specialists in
veterinary medicine and pathology, should find that the density and
diversity of lesions on these skulls go far beyond what would be
encountered in animals under management in zoos or primate colonies.
The wounds seen in these Liberian chimpanzees are of unusual interest
because their healing has taken place in the absence of medical
treatment.?
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn27-4.html
?The Mende people of West Africa gain knowledge of herbal medicine
by observing wild chimpanzees that are sick. A forestry worker
observed a chimpanzee chew up a certain leaf and spit it onto the
affected area of skin. When he later tested it on himself, the
observer found that it was effective against skin irritations. A
similar case was recorded in the 1920s when an English woman was
travelling through Liberia and was told by an old local woman that she
had watched a female chimpanzee treat her infant's skin complaint with
some large flat leaves that she had crushed and pounded between her
fingers and applied them to the baby's infected area. The old woman
later found these leaves to have curative properties.
Although observations of self-medication in gorillas is meagre, these
great apes must also benefit from phytochemicals which inhibit certain
pathogens. In Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Ugandan gorillas share a
number of the same medicinal plants with humans. Park wardens have
noted that 35 plant species form the core diet of gorillas in this
region, and that several of them are also medicinal plants. The bark
of one of these, Dombeya quinqueseta, is used to combat diarrhoea, and
analysis has identified a mixture of fatty acids (including palmitic,
stearic, linoleic and linolenic) and phytosterols (including
beta-sitosterol). These compounds are potent antimicrobials. Other
gorilla foods from this area found to possess active medicinal
properties are Rubus rigidus and Brillantaisia kirungae. Local
medicine men watch what gorillas and other animals do when sick to
discover herbal treatments.?
http://www.berggorilla.org/english/gjournal/texte/25cousins.html
?Though having some similarities to that of the rhesus monkey, the
skin of the stump-tail macaque has several unique features. The
epidermis has a sparse population of active melanocytes, and there is
practically no pigmentation in the dermis. The dermis is rich in
elastic fibers, the function of which seems to be to anchor the hair
follicles and the arrectores pilorum muscles, and the superficial
blood vessels. Large numbers of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in
the forehead and scalp are reminiscent of the axillary organ in the
Hominioidea. The very large sebaceous glands on the face and bald
forehead and scalp resemble those of man. The forehead and anterior
portion of the scalp are bald in the adult but not in juvenile
animals. In spite of an apparently rich pelage, these animals seem to
show a trend toward nakedness.?
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110523233/ABSTRACT
Since primates don?t smoke, nor are exposed to second-hand smoke?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/04/040407082100.htm
Rapid Skin Repair
http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au/education/biobus/pdf/QMBiobus_RapidRepair.pdf
Estrogen and skin healing
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/111/9/1309
?Modern taxonomists are not as generous as Linné in welcoming other
species into Man's lofty dominion, and the chimpanzee is now referred
to as Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no doubt that chimps
are humans' nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what
makes humanity special are ever to be disentangled, understanding why
chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the
process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species,
for it is here that the differences must originate.?
http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4342312
There is a rather interesting Power Point presentation link on this
page, comparing the human-chimpanzee genetic divergence:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/suppinfo/nature04072.html
Genetic divergence
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7055/full/nature04072.html
Several Chimp issues:
http://blogs.lsusdebate.org/?cat=51
Integrins in wound healing
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Biomedicine/WoundClosure/index.htm
Restricted distribution of integrin beta 6 mRNA in primate epithelial tissues.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8245410&dopt=Abstract
?My laboratory carries out fundamental research on the human brain.
One of our major goals is to identify the evolutionary specializations
of the human brain, which we do by comparing humans to chimpanzees and
to other nonhuman primates. We want to understand the extent to which
evolutionary expansion of the human brain was accompanied by the
addition of new areas or by the enlargement and internal
reorganization of existing areas. To this end, we carry out
comparative studies of cortical organization using immunocytochemistry
and other techiniques that are useful for mapping cortical areas and
investigating the laminar and cellular organization of cortex. We have
used these techniques to demonstrate remarkable differences in the
organization of visual cortex in humans, chimpanzees, and Old world
monkeys, and we are now exploring other regions, especially frontal
ccortex. Recently, we have begun to employ genomics techniques to
identify genes that are differentially expressed in human brains,
followed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies to
demonstrate where the genes identified by genomics are expressed in
the nervous system. These studies will enable us to better understand
the distinctive functional capacities of the human brain and its
distinctive vulnerability to disease.?
http://www.nbb.emory.edu/faculty/research.html
?4. Difficulties with wound healing (v. Madawar 1955) No trend
to that.
5. Outer surface of epidermis criss-crossed with congenital
wrinkles visible under microscope. No trend to that (In
primates but cf. elephant and see the same thing writ large)
6. Human skin displays sexual dimorphism -women's more
supple, fatty, and turgid. No trend to that.
7. Remaining body hair in human males longer on the chest
than on the back. No trend to that in any land mammal
(but common in semi-aquatics, v. Sokolov, Nature. 62)
8. Human skin is far more sensitive - each follicle has a
well-structures sensory nerve-organ. No trend to that.
9. Subcutaneous fat layer bonded to the skin. No trend to that
(but cf most aquatics)
In short we are a far cry from the patas or the apes.
Something must have happened to us that did not happen
to them.
http://unauthorised.org/anthropology/sci.anthropology.paleo/january-1995/0225.html
?The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent pH affects
human fibroblast repopulation of an experimental wound in vitro laying
special emphasis on cell migration, DNA synthesis, and alterations in
cell morphology. Wounds were simulated in vitro by partially scraping
off monolayers of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblast and human
periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells respectively. The wounded
monolayers were cultured at pHs ranging from 7.2 to 8.4. The
experiments were evaluated by autoradiography as well as light and
scanning electron microscopic techniques. A significant, approximately
linear, decrease was noted both in cell migration into and DNA
synthesis in the experimental wounds as a result of pH increase. The
surviving cells in the wounds showed cytoplasmatic vacuoles and
blebbing at pH levels above 7.8. Clinical implications of these
results for endodontic calcium hydroxide treatment are that hydroxyl
ions, diffusing through root dentin, may interfere with vital cell
functions necessary for healing on the root surface.?
http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/histcomp/hayflick-l_all1/index-tc-18.html
?Building moving pictures of gene expression using SS-RT-PCR,
differential display, and RNA array technologies of normal and
patholgoical conditions.
1. scarless wound healing (1995-date);
2. premature craniosynostosis (1998-date);
3. bacterial biofilm formation in the middle ear (both bacterial and
mucosal gene expression patterns) (1998-date)
4. Barrett's metaplasia (2002);
5. Colon cancer metastasis (2001)
http://centerforgenomicsciences.org/faculty/ehrlichg.html
"Consequently, comparative studies of apo(a) sequences in different
Old World monkey species should further our understanding of the
molecular role of Lp(a) in the fibrinolytic process. In contrast to
other Old World monkeys, including rhesus monkey, cynomolgus, and
baboon, the chimpanzee exhibits an elevated level of Lp(a) and a
distinct isoform distribution as compared to humans [Doucet et al. J.
Lipid Res. (1994) 35, 263-270]. Clearly then, the chimpanzee is an
interesting animal model for study of the structure, function, and
potential pathophysiological roles of Lp(a). We have cloned and
sequenced the region of chimpanzee apo(a) cDNA spanning KIV-3 to the
stop codon. The global organization of this region is similar to that
of human apo(a) with the presence of KV, which is absent in rhesus
monkey apo(a). Nucleotide sequence comparison indicates a variation of
1.4% between chimpanzee and man and 5.1% between chimpanzee and rhesus
monkey. The differences concerned single base changes. An Asp57 -->
Asn mutation was detected in KIV-10; this residue is critical to the
LBS of KIV-10 in human apo(a)"
http://moult.umbi.umd.edu/human2004/modules.php?name=Medline&gene=ABL2&PHPSESSID=057aecfd1b1133e3420ce46ff69138a5
?Expanding the functional human mitochondrial DNA database by the
establishment of primate xenomitochondrial cybrids?
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/17/9131
Additionally, I have written to all of the persons with e-mail
addresses on this site, for further information. Should I get any
responses, I will post them, post haste!
http://www.ipr.or.ke/animalresource/index.html#Projects
I have dug around further, to find virtually nothing. What I found is here:
"The biological response to tissue injury in higher organisms falls
into two main categories: wound repair and regeneration " "In adult
mammals, the form of healing seen most often is wound repair or tissue
regeneration, accomplished by the replacement of mature cells through
cell proliferation (2) or the replenishment of cells, but not organs,
from immature stem cells (3-5). There are, however, several examples
of epimorphic regeneration that exist in mammals. These include the
replacement of antlers (6) and the closure of ear holes, originally
described in the rabbit (7, 8), where a through-and-through hole
placed in the ear is healed to completely normal tissue."
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/20/11792
"Symmetric pairs of standardized excisions were performed on either
side of the forehead of six primates. The half foreheads were
randomized to the botulinum toxin A treatment side versus the placebo
injection side. A panel of three blinded facial surgeons assessed the
cosmetic appearance of the mature scars 3 months postoperatively. The
wounds that had been immobilized with botulinum toxin A were rated as
significantly better in appearance than the control wounds (p < 0.01).
Histologic examination confirmed that all scars were mature."
http://www.plasreconsurg.com/pt/re/prs/abstract.00006534-200005000-00005.htm;jsessionid=E5caE8pIdpOJiLIB0a2ZkmMZikrQ9Itdc66WzSBKSCtHCrZQjhD9!-2044578995!-949856145!9001!-1
Regional expression of the platelet-derived growth factor and its
receptors in a primate graft model of vessel wall assembly.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=293606&tools=bot
Epidermal growth factor receptor distribution in burn wounds.
Implications for growth factor-mediated repair.
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=443395
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS)
Publisher: Birkhäuser Basel
ISSN: 1420-682X (Paper) 1420-9071 (Online)
DOI: 10.1007/BF02004537
Issue: Volume 41, Number 3
Date: March 1985
"Summary Two African species of Aspilia (Asteraceae), which are used
medicinally by man and which are eaten by wild chimpanzees in an
unusual manner, were found to contain the potent antibiotic
thiarubrine A as a major leaf phytochemical. Its presence in leaf
material strengthens the view that the feeding behavior of wild
chimpanzees is related to special physiological or pharmacological
effects on the animals." From Google's snippet: "This unusual feeding
behavior by chimpanzees suggested to Wrangham and Nishida ..."
achilleaefolia which contain thiarubrine A to treat wound infections and sores ...
http://www.springerlink.com/(kllb2ki0pddypj55madwsf30)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,51,54;journal,276,745;linkingpublicationresults,1:101193,1
You may find this book interesting, though it looks unlikely it
contains your answer!
Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution
by William C. McGrew
ISBN: 0521423716 - Cambridge University Press
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gu7-DjJ5FbQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&sig=DNjJELp3Ad4XVcojgYLFibwwjqQ&dq=wound+%2B+chimpanzees&prev=http://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fq%3Dwound%2B%252B%2Bchimpanzees%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DG
This search, using these terms : "W. Montagna 1969 Healing of skin
wounds in primates" lead me to a promising looking page, but the
reports all seem to involve murine and lizard models.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%20W.%20Montagna%201969%20Healing%20of%20skin%20wounds%20in%20primates.&hl=en&lr=&safe=active&oi=scholart
"... The primates have long hairs covering most ... Logically then,
bolstering the skin?s barrier ... Dressings Vapor permeable Healing
wounds Vapor impermeable Keloids ... "
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/exd/2002/00000011/00000002/art00008
NCBI registration is free, allowing access to many papers:
Stress decreases, while central nucleus amygdala lesions increase,
IL-8 and MIP-1alpha gene expression during tissue healing in non-human
primates.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16574374&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_docsum
I did find a study on dolphin would healing!
http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20030128.113021/public/02whole.pdf
Search Terms
============
chimpanzee model + skin healing + humans
regeneration + extracellular matrix + chimpanzees + wound
wound healing + primates
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Pongidae + wound healing
Pan troglodytes + wound healing
Integumentary system + chimpanzee
epidermal cells + primates
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Montagna + primates or chimpanzees
telemorase + epidermis + chimpanzees
tgf + chimpanzee wound
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Primatology portals
chimpanzee surgery + wounds
documentary + Montagna + chipanzees
W. Montagna 1969 Healing of skin wounds in primates
composition + chimpanzee skin
chimpanzee + phosphatase + skin
matrix molecules + healing + chimpanzee
chimpanzee model + skin healing + humans
keratinocytes + chimpanzee + cutaneous healing
montagna + chimpanzee + video + cutaneous healing
Follistatin + chimpanzee + wound healing |
