I need a good description of the advantages/disadvantages of using
various types of hardware in networking computers. 
(routers,switches,hubs,repeaters,etc.)

There are lots of different kinds of hardware for networking, so I
will give you the list of what you mainly mention.

Routers are necessary to connect any two networks (ie: your LAN and
the internet), are often hardware but can also be software.

Hubs are a connection point between computers (generally a device with
multiple rj-45 connections that networks computers).

Switches are often considered 'smart' hubs.  They transer data in a
more specific way and as such are generally more efficient and secure.

I'm not sure what you mean by 'repeaters,' but the general definition
implies a device which boosts a signal.  The most practical
application for such a device is a wireless booster to increase the
range of the signal.

Firewalls are software or hardware devices that limit and monitor
incoming and often outgoing signals between the router and the
computers for security purposes.


All of these devices are somewhat unique, and it impossible to state
that one has an advantage over another (well, switches are simply
better than hubs, but for home computer needs you wouldn't notice the
difference).

In fact, Linksys and other companies sell devices that are a router,
switch, firewall, and wireless access point all built into one box.