How long does it take a truck and trailer(semi truck) to change lanes
at 60 MPH in time and distance compared to a normal passenger car?
Specifically, do you know of any studies, statistics, or authority
that would answer this question (that I could cite in my research).

Well, I can't give you statistics, but I know that a speeding tractor
trailer can change lanes very quickly. My mother in law is paralyzed
in a wheel chair because a truck driver in the left lane going over 70
mph decided he wanted to exit the highway and demolished a minivan in
between him and the exit.

I expect that the truck portion can move as quickly as a car.

Its the trailer or the tanker or the double trailer That will have a
mind of it's own depending on how the load is packed. Partly empty
tankers without baffle plates are the worst because the load is live

Move too fast and the trailer will pivot across the lane and into the
next or overturn.

Most trucks have a blind spot. They really can not see you.

Tailgating a truck is insane behavior.

Get your local truck drivers test booklet for more info.