I am writing a story that partially takes place in Scotland and would
like to be pointed to websites or other sources that can tell me about
Scottish culture, including, but not limited to government (down to
the local government, especially police force), religion, and
education system. Thanks!

Peer reviewed sites like Wikipedia will have alot of info on Scotland
and from there you can follow the links out on specific topics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland