In logistics and Transportation, what are the major advantages and
disadvantages of each of the basic modes of transport?

By "modes", do you mean trains (rail), ocean-going vessels,
point-to-point delivery service (like FedEx), etc.?
If so, the advantages/disadvantages may be desribed only in generic
terms w/o knowing more of what you are transporting.
For example, advantages/disadvantages are very different if you are
dealing with lots of small heavy things, or bulk chemicals, or large
boxes that can be bounced around, etc.
Also, depending on the problem, please don't forget elements such as
customs/tarrifs, risk (weather-related, labor-related, etc.), loss,
cost if something goes wrong, etc.
Hope this helps.