Hello again, saturatd-ga!
I?m glad to have the chance to work on another one of your questions.
First of all, I must mention the disclaimer that this answer is in no
way intended to substitute for the opinion of a qualified health
professional that you trust. Be sure to discuss any further concerns
or questions you may have with a health practitioner. With that said,
here is the information that I?ve found.
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GENETICS/MECHANICS OF HEIGHT
The current underlying scientific thought about height is that all
humans have growth potential determined by their genetic make up. This
determines how tall a person could be depending on a number of other
factors. Some of those things are prenatal health, proper nutrition,
general health, and even emotional well-being. This is discussed
briefly on a site called ?Ask a Scientist.?
?Actually, height is what is called multifactorial. Not only are there
many genes involved, such as genes for growth hormone, genes for the
receptors on the outside of cells for growth hormone, genes for bone
proportion, genes for the timing of the release of hormone and other
growth factors; but there are also many interactions with the
environment, including nutrition during gestation (while the mother
was pregnant) and during the growth years, exposure to things such as
cigarette smoke and alcohol before birth, birth order (generally
second children are taller than first) and general health during the
growth years. With all of these factors, it appears that we are born
with a genetic potential for height (not all of the genes have been
identified yet) and then the environment exerts its effects as we are
growing.?
http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/mole00/mole00125.htm
A simple way to get a rough estimate of someone?s potential height is
to use what is called the midparental height. It is discussed in an
Emedicine.com article about growth failure in children.
?Parents' heights: In order to evaluate a child's genetic potential,
calculation of the sex-adjusted midparental height (i.e., target
height) is helpful. The sex-adjusted midparental height is calculated
by adding 2.5 inches to (for boys) or subtracting 2.5 inches from (for
girls) the mean of the parents' heights; it represents the most
statistically probable adult height for the child, based on parental
contribution. By calculating the percentile for this midparental
target height, one can determine at what percentile a child's height
is expected to fall.?
In other words, for boys take the average of the parents? heights in
inches, and add 2.5 inches. For girls, take the average and subtract
2.5 inches. This height is the most likely height for that individual.
Height varies, and statistically it will vary about 2-3 inches in
either direction.
http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic902.htm
TeenHealthFX.com is a site maintained by a private hospital group with
the goal to disseminate proper health information to teens. Height is
one topic that appears over and over again on the Q&A sections of the
site. Here is one excerpt.
?The height of the person is influenced by many factors, like good
nutrition, onset and end of puberty and, most importantly, by the
genetic predisposition. Most people by the time they are 19 have
stopped growing and reached their final height. By that age growth
epiphyses (the areas of the bones in your arms and legs that grow)
have closed and the bone cannot get any longer. Unfortunately, once
that happened, there is not much you can do to become taller.
If you have seen advertisements for products that promise to make you
taller, beware, there are no pills or devices that can increase your
height.?
http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Sports/15469.html
Here is one more bit of information about height and genetics.
?Height is in a large part, determined by genetics. There are three
primary determinants of height and they are, your parents? genetics
(e.g. how tall they are) and indirect genetic determinants, such as
race, or something like dwarfism. The third is nutrition, and diet.
To a large extent the genetics of our parent's [sic] will determine
how tall we are, that is a child of tall parents will tend to be
taller, but this is only true in the statistical general sense. There
are always exceptions. The myriad genes that control height are not
known at this point, so to say exactly what and how tall is difficult
to say at this point. . . . Nutrition, will only make small
differences overall and over time. On average, children are taller
today than 100 years ago, in most part due to improved childhood
nutrition.
A small child in an otherwise tall family is not unusual, but probably
is a result of a the variety of genetic possibilities in humans.?
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/jun2000/960243185.Ge.r.html
Here is an article about normal, adolescent growth patterns. It
mentions midparental height as well.
http://www.usc.edu/student-affairs/Health_Center/adolhealth/content/a1.html
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GROWTH: FACILITATING AND INHIBITING
Kidshealth.org is a site with a number of questions posed to medical
professionals. One that is there is about increasing height. A mother
asks what the best ways are for her son to increase his height.
?Taking good care of himself - eating well, exercising regularly, and
getting plenty of rest - is the best way to help his body reach its
natural potential. But assuming his diet is normal and he has no
medical problem, there's no magic pill or formula or nutritional
supplement for increasing height. In fact, his genes are the major
determinant of how tall he will be.?
http://kidshealth.org/parent/question/growing/grow_taller.html
Calcium is the major mineral constituent of bone, and as such plays an
important part in proper bone development. While a decrease in dietary
calcium will result in less calcium deposition in the bone, it will
not affect the actual length of the bones.
?Taking more calcium does not necessarily increase your height . . .
as height is genetically determined. . . . If you do not take enough
calcium now while your bones are growing, your bones will still grow,
but they will not be as strong. If you start your adult years with low
calcium stored in your bone, you will be at a disadvantage when you
start losing calcium as part of the natural aging process later. . . .
Calcium will continue to deposit into bones for most people until the
age of 30 to 35 years.?
http://www.nutrition.com.sg/atd/atdcalcium.asp
?Soy milk that does not have calcium added is quite low in calcium
(less than 50 mg per cup) compared to cow's milk which has close to
300 mg per cup. Fresh soy milk generally do not have calcium added, so
it is not a good substitute for the calcium content in cow's milk.
Some pre-packaged soy milk (particularly those from the US and
Australia) are fortified with calcium, and depending on how much
calcium is added, they can be a good substitute. Although soy milk is
low in calcium, soybean curd and cooked soy beans have a fair amount
of calcium.?
http://www.nutrition.com.sg/atd/atdcalcium.asp
In a 2005 study performed in China, girls ages 14-16 were given
calcium fortified soy milk to see if there was a positive impact on,
among other things, bone density and height. The study concluded that
it did increase bone density compared to the group not receiving the
soy milk, but height was relatively unaffected.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16133646&dopt=Abstract
Here is a nice overview of soy milk, including information on its
health benefits. While there are numerous purported health benefits,
including reduced cancer risk and increased cardiovascular health,
there has been no reported link between soy milk consumption and
increased height.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_milk
Caffeine has historically been ?linked? to stunted growth, but I found
a lot of articles debunking that myth. While there may be other
developmental and dietary concerns associated with caffeine, decreased
height is not one of them.
?One thing that caffeine doesn't do is stunt growth. Although
scientists once worried that caffeine could hinder a child's growth,
this concern isn't supported by research.?
http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/caffeine.html
?There has been no conclusive study showing that coffee stunts your
growth. However excessive coffee consumption can have a negative
impact on your health.?
http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Alcohol/25.html
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HOW HEIGHT WORKS: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND OTHER STUFF
Here is a nice overview of the hormonal factors contributing to normal growth.
?Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from
the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by
somatotropin (human growth hormone, [or HGH]) secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another
growth inducing hormone insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) mainly by
the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have
many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life;
with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually
subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in
bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.
Exercise promotes secretion; however, too much work or anaerobic and
muscular development can impede growth or even induce premature
cessation, or can induce premature closing of the growth plates
(indeed, adolescents who take steroids can experience stunted growth).
A positive net nutrition is also important, with proteins and various
other nutrients especially important.
The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the
epiphysis (ends) of the long bones, which gradually ossify to form
hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height.
. . . The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long
bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and
across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of
height consists of the cranium.?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_height
Dr. Gabe Mirkin is a pediatrician who has been in practice for over 40
years. He has a radio program and has coauthored a number of books and
chapters in medical texts. He has this to say about how growth works.
?Bones do not grow throughout their length. They grow from growth
centers, called the epiphysis, near their ends. When a person reaches
puberty, growth centers close one after the other until all the growth
centers are closed forever and a person's bones can never grow again.
After that, a person can grow wider, but not taller.?
http://www.drmirkin.com/morehealth/9453.html
Because HGH affects the cartilage located within the growth plates,
they must be open for HGH to help increase height.
?By end of puberty, however, the cartilage at the ends of most long
bones is converted to bone this is known as the ?closing? of the
growth plates. Any subsequent action of HGH or IGF-1 usually cannot
increase the length of bones. . . .
The question of whether you can grow taller with increased supply of
HGH is only relevant if your growth plates are still open. . . . When
growth is complete--sometime during adolescence--the growth plates
close and are replaced by solid bone.
Unfortunately there is no easy way find out whether a growth plate is
still opened or not, the only way to know for sure is to have an x-ray
done on the bones by a doctor. For those whose growth plates are still
open, an increased amount of HGH can lead to height increase. If your
growth plates are indeed completely closed HGH will likely do nothing
for you as far as height increase is concerned. You are better off
pursuing other height increase methods.?
http://www.HGHforheight.com/heightincrease.html
Here is a link to a discussion board. The topic here is increasing
height using HGH and other nutritional supplements. Dr. Fouad, an
orthopedist, discusses the physiology of height and how these products
may or may not help.
http://www.thedoctorslounge.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=631
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ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS FOR INCREASED HEIGHT
There are many sites online with products and programs aimed at
increasing height. They all have very similar names so it can get
quite confusing at times. Most of them are criticized heavily by
consumer watch groups and medical professionals as nothing more than
?snake oil? and empty promises. Honestly, as I?ve researched this
carefully for you, I am amazed at how remarkably similar all of the
programs are, and at times I wonder if each site is promoting the same
product in a slightly different fashion. I?ve listed a number of these
sites and programs so you can form your own opinion.
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This first website was probably the nicest one I found while searching
for techniques to increase height. According to the homepage,
?The goal of this website is to provide a complete guide to natural
height increase after puberty detailing all the special grow taller
exercises and grow taller methods that have been developed and
practiced by other height increase seekers in the online community.
These informations [sic] are collected over the years from various
online forums and websites. While they have shown promising result
among some height increase seekers, this website provides no guarantee
that everyone will obtain height increase from them.?
It discusses a number of options for increasing height, including:
*Exercises (mostly stretches targeting three areas: spine, knees, and thighbones)
*Techniques (such as Pilates, or Tai Chi)
*Supplements (calcium, vitamin D, glucosamine/chondroitin, multi-vitamin)
*Equipment
The site also includes articles, links to other sites, and a
discussion forum. Most of the sites that this one references seem to
be of higher quality than most that I found during my research. There
is entirely too much good quality information on this site to present
in an effective manner in this answer, so I would recommend looking
here first for information on increasing height.
http://www.giantscientific.com/
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Growtaller.com is a site advertising a book with an exercise program
that will help you ?to grow taller, increase your height, and maximize
your growth potential regardless of age.? Some of the items discussed
in the book are:
* Growth periods
* The spinal column
* Growth disorders
* Basic nutrients
* Vitamins and minerals:
* Sleep
* Posture
* Dressing for height
?Each daily grow taller exercise session will take only 8-16 minutes
to complete. These exercises are fully illustrated, with simple and
easy to understand instructions. Each exercise is also named, has its
benefits and purpose stated, and provides you with step-by-step
technique. These exercises are safe, effective, and easy to do by
people of all ages and fitness levels. They require no special
equipment or apparatus and can be done in the privacy of your own
home.?
http://www.growtaller.com/growtaller.html
You can also peruse their FAQs here:
http://www.growtaller.com/faq.html
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Growtaller.net (not to be confused with the above site) has a series
of products and instructions that supposedly will increase height
permanently. They admit that height will not normally increase after
growth plates close, but that there are ways to increase height
otherwise. They have four particular products that are aimed at
helping with growth.
1. Kimi: Grow Taller Device
?According to medical reports from Dr. Chiro Kawaguchi of Tokyo
Research Laboratory at the National Health Department, pituitary gland
stimulation is found to be instrumental to permanent height increase,
and that stimulation of the pituitary gland can be affected by the use
of a special, computer designed height stimulator at the feet. This is
especially true for our unique Kimi ?grow taller? device.?
Essentially, the device is designed to stimulate portions of the feet
along the meridians associated with the pituitary gland. This will
increase the secretion of growth hormone, positively affecting height.
2. MFIII: Nutritional Supplement
?MFIII is an FDA approved soft gel capsule form of the original Live
Cell Therapy from Switzerland. Live Cell Therapy starts with the
selection of specific organ cells from an unborn young sheep bred
specifically for this purpose (no animal being sacrificed). . . . In
Live Cell Therapy, these vigorous young cells with their vital life
force still active are combined with other excellent quality
ingredients such as calcium and vitamins. . . .
According to Dr. Niehans' proven theory, after being taken into a
human body, these young cells recognize and congregate at the human
counterpart of the organ from which they were taken (bone cells go to
the bones, growth plate cells go to the growth plates, etc.). These
young cells, which are functionally organ specific but NOT species
specific, can imprint their vigor upon inactive cells, stimulating
them to function with renewed efficiency. This is especially important
to help you regain growth or a growth spurt because these young cells
can help stimulate the cells of specific organ and tissues related
with aging of the bones and premature closure of the growth plates.
Your bones can become younger, and your growth plates can become more
active.?
The site mentions that this supplement will help keep growth plates
open longer so that one can maximize other things to increase height.
3. 50 Fantastic Free Bonuses: Grow Taller Manual
This is a list of ?secrets? to help achieve your maximum height
potential. The list includes things like height averages by country,
growth charts, other height statistics, celebrity heights, and a
series of stretching exercises.
4. Magic Shoes: Height Increasing Shoes
While these shoes won?t truly help you increase your height, you can
appear to be taller.
?Magic Shoes are the only height-increasing shoes which can increase
your height by 3 - 4 inches (7.5 - 10 cm) without the embarrassment of
wearing heels. These special shoes are called Magic Shoes because they
use a height increaser hidden inside the shoes so they appear 100%
normal from the outside. People will NOT even know that you are
wearing a height increaser - they will think you are naturally very
tall! So without anyone else knowing your ?secret,? you can instantly
become an additional 3 - 4 inches (7.5 - 10 cm) taller.?
http://www.growtaller.net/plus.html
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The next site advertises a book written by an individual who claims to
have increased his height using a very specific system of exercises
and nutrition. In order to get the full details you need to either
download the ebook (for a fee) or purchase the print book. The author
does give a few tidbits of information on his site.
?I explain the process of human growth - what happens in our body
while we are growing, what makes us grow, why we are growing faster or
slower, and how we can control the process of growth.
A big part of the program is a system of exercises. These exercises
are very easy to accomplish, absolutely safe and designed to help
every important part of your body to stimulate growth. Each exercise
shown in the book has an easy to understand picture and detailed
explanation of every step and every reason for doing that particular
exercise.
Moreover, my research has shown that exercises alone are not enough to
maximize growth increase. Eating the right food, special mental
exercises, and many other important activities combined with right
exercise is what makes this program so powerful.?
http://tobetaller.com/bookinfo.html
There is also a brief FAQ section. He claims that using his system you
can continue to grow taller until age 27-30 for men and 25 for women.
He estimates that most people will add 2-4 inches using his system.
http://tobetaller.com/faq.html
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Gainheight.com is another site promoting a system to increase height.
At its core is the YOKO device?shoe inserts that are remarkably
similar to the Kimi device advertised on a different site. It also
stimulates points in the feet to promote increased pituitary function.
?YOKO works by stimulating pituitary action. Besides giving you the
extra inches you desire, YOKO has been proven to increase blood
circulation, improve digestion, increase metabolism, reduce tiredness,
slow-down aging, smoothen breathing and promote general good health.
Truly a wonderful way to grow taller and stay healthy at the same
time!?
Answering the question ?How does YOKO work,? the site has this to say.
?1. Increase Growth Hormones Production
YOKO is designed by computer following Human Engineering concepts that
aims to stimulate the nerve points of your sole. This stimulation of
the pituitary gland leads to increased production of growth hormones.
Increased production of growth hormones means greater growth of the
cartilaginous portions of the vertebrae and the bones in the lower
body. Thus, YOKO helps you to grow taller in a totally safe, easy and
convenient way. . . .
2. Spinal Column Extension
Intensive scientific research has also proven that most young adults
can still grow a few inches taller even after the bones in their lower
body have become ossified (commonly known as "bone plate is fused").
This is because . . . the length of the spinal column in the upper
body also significantly contributes to human height. . .
Since these disks are non-fusible cartilages, they can constantly grow
thicker under the stimulation of growth hormone during a lifetime. . .
.
3. Articular Cartilage Growth
Although most of your bones can't grow any longer, the articular
cartilage that connect many bones in your body can still grow thicker.
. . .
4. Proper Stretching and Exercising Techniques
Your spinal column can be extended by another 2 or 3 inches by using
YOKO together with proper stretching exercises. . . . Proper
stretching and exercising techniques can further increase this result
to 2 inches by rejuvenating your bones and making them more receptive
to the stimulation of growth hormones.?
http://www.gainheight.com/
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Betaller.com is yet another site advertising a system to increase your
growth potential. Their brief description is as follows:
?The information found here at Betaller.com includes, but is not
limited to, physical, physiological, and psychological techniques and
procedures that will allow you to grow taller, promote human growth.?
Specifically the program addresses these things:
* Height advantages
* Human growth periods
* Posture
* Spinal column
* Nutrition
* Vitamins and minerals
* Clothing and apparel
* Growth disorders and decreasing conditions
* Mental exercises (guided imagery)
* Sleep
http://www.betaller.com/grow-taller.htm
On another section of the same site they give 5 keys for increasing height.
1. Stretching exercises
?Height increase is possible with stretching exercises. Results do
take time since there are three levels of development which consist of
Level 1: Tonal & Muscular development of the back muscles Level 2:
Spinal decompression & Straightening Level 3: Progressive spinal disc
regeneration & thickening. . . .
While there are numerous exercises that target the spine, our
researchers have developed the best possible combination of yoga style
exercises that tone, strengthen, and develop the muscles that support
the spine leading to height increase.
Once these muscles have developed appropriately, the spine will begin
to lengthen as well as straighten another inch or two through spinal
decompression.
Then, with time and proper implementation of the exercises the spinal
discs as well as the cartilage that supports your arms, legs, and
spine will begin to thicken leading to a proportionate and taller
body.?
2. Supplements
?Our Growth Enhancer Plus? supplements contain the necessary
ingredients that will help you grow taller including glucosamine,
amino acids, and multivitamins. The ratio of each ingredient is
important since the body can only utilize certain ingredients
efficiently in the presence of other important ingredients.?
3. HGH
?Human growth hormone can increase an individuals height up to five
inches within many months. However, there are numerous side-effects
associated with HGH which make it more risky than the other methods to
grow taller.?
(Note: this site does not actually recommend the use of HGH as part of
its program.)
4. Limb lengthening procedures
?Limb lengthening is a surgical procedure that requires either
internal or external rods placed inside the limbs which have to be
adjusted periodically. This procedure is currently being performed for
cosmetic reasons outside of the United States.
Although limb lengthening is very effective it does require extensive
recuperation and time. Approximately 1mm of height per day can be
added which translates to an inch per month. Pain medication, hospital
stay, and a high cost makes this procedure almost very expensive and
out of reach to most individuals.?
(Note: this also is not a recommended technique as part of this site?s program.)
5. HGH stimulators
?Human growth hormone stimulators are amino acid combinations that
naturally force the pituitary gland into making human growth hormone.
This procedure is effective and much safer than expensive synthetic
growth hormone. There are no negative side-effects since your body
makes HGH naturally.?
The main drawback mentioned on this site is that stimulators are not
likely to be effective for people less than age 28.
http://www.betaller.com/growing-taller.htm
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Here is a link to a nice site with exercises and dietary advice that
they claim will increase height.
http://www.freewebs.com/supertaller/
This site has information on natural ways to increase height. Some of
the things detailed are exercises, stretching, nutrition, and
medication.
http://www.geocities.com/tallnow/
Here is a site with instructions on building a traction device to
increase height. Looks a bit frightening to me, but you can be the
judge!
http://www.geocities.com/freegrowth/
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SAFETY
I asked my husband (who is a physician) to look over these programs
and give his opinion on how safe they are. I know I keep repeating
this, but this in no way should serve as a substitute for the opinion
of a qualified health professional that you trust. One of the biggest
problems is that the specifics of most of these programs are guarded
secrets. While each program makes safety claims, it is difficult to
assess the actual risks involved without knowing the particulars.
?Simple? supplements such as calcium and a multivitamin pose no
particular risks when taken in recommended dosages. He says that the
stretches and exercises should not have any major risks associated
with them, especially when you first consult a physician familiar with
your specific health issues.
HGH has a different set of potential risks. Creighton University has a
list of side effects of HGH therapy. Here is a list of things of which
you should be aware:
* Bloating
* Carpal tunnel syndrome
* Gynecomastia (breast development in men)
* Glucose intolerance
* Diabetes mellitus
* Hypertension (high blood pressure)
* Decreased thyroid hormone
* Arthralgias (joint aches)
* Myalgias (muscle aches)
* Peripheral edema (swelling)
* Papilledema (swelling of the retina)
* Congestive heart failure
http://altmed.creighton.edu/HGH/Adverse%20Effects.htm
The Anti-Aging Institute uses HGH as a part of its ?longevity?
formula. They list some of the effects of excessive HGH levels.
?If HGH is given in excessive dosages over a long period of time, bone
growth is initiated. As the growth plates are fused in adults, this
results in a syndrome known as Acromegaly. Some of the other effects
include carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, vocal cord thickening,
excess fluid, osteoporosis, and heat intolerance.?
http://www.anti-aging.org/HGH.html
Here is an article from the National Institute of Health about
acromegaly. Essentially it is caused by an excess of HGH after the
growth plates have closed.
?The name acromegaly comes from the Greek words for "extremities" and
"enlargement" and reflects one of its most common symptoms, the
abnormal growth of the hands and feet. Soft tissue swelling of the
hands and feet is often an early feature, with patients noticing a
change in ring or shoe size. Gradually, bony changes alter the
patient's facial features: the brow and lower jaw protrude, the nasal
bone enlarges, and spacing of the teeth increases.
Overgrowth of bone and cartilage often leads to arthritis. When tissue
thickens, it may trap nerves, causing carpal tunnel syndrome,
characterized by numbness and weakness of the hands. Other symptoms of
acromegaly include thick, coarse, oily skin; skin tags; enlarged lips,
nose and tongue; deepening of the voice due to enlarged sinuses and
vocal cords; snoring due to upper airway obstruction; excessive
sweating and skin odor; fatigue and weakness; headaches; impaired
vision; abnormalities of the menstrual cycle and sometimes breast
discharge in women; and impotence in men. There may be enlargement of
body organs, including the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart.
The most serious health consequences of acromegaly are diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Patients with acromegaly are also at increased risk for polyps of the
colon that can develop into cancer.?
http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/acro/acro.htm
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WARNINGS
Short Persons Support is an organization that maintains a website
designed to disseminate accurate information and debunk myths
surrounding short stature, growth disorders, height-increasing
products and programs and the like. I?ve included links to three of
the more interesting pages that are specifically relevant to your
question.
Here is a list of things to consider when a program?s claims seem to
be ?too good to be true.? It includes a list of links to news articles
about various height increasing products and questions to ask yourself
before starting a new height program.
http://www.shortsupport.org/Health/Increase/arguments.html
This page has a ?Worst of the Worst? list. These companies have had an
exceptionally poor track record when it comes to quality products and
customer service. Beware of these!
http://www.shortsupport.org/Health/Increase/worst.html
This is an ever-growing list of 39 companies described as ?scam?
artists. Contact information, product pricing, and program
descriptions are included when available.
http://www.shortsupport.org/Health/Increase/companies.html
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I hope that you find this information useful. Again, this answer does
not substitute for the opinion of a qualified health professional, so
you should discuss any further questions or concerns with a
professional that you trust. If you have need of any further
clarification, please let me know how I can help.
Sincerely,
Boquinha-ga
Search terms:
height genetics
"growth plate" height
midparental height
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stunt growth
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calcium height
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HGH adverse effects
acromegaly |
