Will using larger rotors and calipers on 4wheel ABS disc brakes, and no
other changes, stop you faster for a single stop?

Perhaps this will be of help:

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-06/960601468.Eg.r.html

Have a good day.

Very good explantion, Thither.

Here in Germany  (where people can drive 200+ km/h), advance driving
training places recommend for us amateur drivers that in an emergency
it best to stomp it down and skid (if one doesn't have ABS), probably
resulting in a faster stop than any amateur attempt to do what that
link explains.  They also tell people to do this to overcome the
natural tendency to brake too diffidently.
Of course, you will need a new set of tires, but you asked about a single stop.

And if the car has ABS, the same thing applies, of course.

It wont help you stop faster but it will help your brakes fade (fade
is where the pedal requires more effort for given amount of stopping
power)less and reduce the rotor temp which as the temp rises the
efficiency becomes less and at somepoint the brake fluid boils making
brakes useless.  For the best way to increase stopping power increase
the contact area of the tire (get larger and stickier tires) as that
is the ultimate thing that matters.