To what level can wireless devices be tracked or hacked, if it is off?


Wireless Devices:
- Cell and mobile phones (can be 802.. or Blue.. enabled)
- 802.11/Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

The wireless examples should fall into one of the following:
1- Turning off the device will not stop the radio/gps but all possible
radio transmission can be turned off (hardware/software).
2- Turning off the device will not stop possible radio/gps
transmission.
3- No on/off mechanism.


Looking for research to show how disparate the existing conceptions of
privacy / physical capabilities of the extant and upcoming phones and
phone networks really are.

I would like to separating fact from fiction, and define the grey
areas. I would also need specific examples or leads to the details.


--------------------------
Sample Research thus far I have found a lot of claims but not a lot of
details


"Under the E911 mandate, carriers could track phones embedded with GPS
chips, even when they aren't turned on."
Source: Wired

- -
"I have heard it claimed that CDMA phones always try to keep track of
the nearest cell, even if they are turned off. The only way to stop
such a phone is too remove the battery."
Newsgroups: sci.crypt (Usenet) 2002

- -
"Without giving too much away, we (at work) have been warned that cell
phones can be switched on remotely and used as remote eavesdropping
devices.  That has been demonstrated to our management's satisfaction
with the result that we are no longer permitted to carry cell phones
into secure spaces, regardless of whether they are turned on or off."
Newsgroups: sci.crypt (Usenet) 2002

- -
"Pairing is a Bluetooth function that enables Bluetooth devices to
remain permanently linked to each other. Even if a "paired" Bluetooth
device is turned off or out of range, it will still be visible to the
Bluetooth devices it has been paired with."
Source: IOGear

- -
"Thanks to the US FAA there does have to be an off switch on Bluetooth
devices (unlike the original thinking in the usage scenarios) - but I
wonder how many cellular handsets enable the Bluetooth device to be
turned off independently of the cellular phone?"
Source: CommWeb

- end - mobile cloak  -

Thanks in advance