Please help me to answer the following questions.


Questions 1 through 4 Nutritional Disorders:

a. Obesity

b. Marasmus (starvation)

c. Both

d. Neither 


1. Amenorrhea

2. Growth failure

3. Accumulation of lipofuscin

4. Kwashiorkor 

 


Question 5 through 8 Vitamin Deficiencies:

a. Vitamin A

b. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

c. Niacin

d. Riboflavin

e. Pyridoxine 



5. Impaired night vision

6. Squamous metaplasia of glandular epithelium

7. Cheilosis

8. Vitamin-dependency syndromes 


Questions 9 and 10 multiple choice:


9. A11 the following are true for chylomicrons except that 


a. intestinal cells (enterocytes) produce them.

b. they are partially metabolized by lipoprotein lipase of capillary
endothelial cells.

c. they give rise to chylomicron remnants that are taken up by special
receptors on subcutaneous fat cells.

d. they contain cholesterol.

e. they contain an apolipoprotein. 



10. The antithrombotic activity of endothelium is mediated by all the
following except



a. thrombomodulin.

b. protein C.

c. adenosine diphosphate.

d. prostacyclin (PGI2 )

e. heparan sulfate.

In brief, your answers are 1c, 2b, 3d, 4d, 5a, 6a, 7d (primarily, but
also c and e), 8 b, c and e, 9c, 10c

Here follows the rationale for the answers:

Questions 1 through 4 Nutritional Disorders: 
 
1. Amenorrhea 
c – both drastic weight reduction and extreme obesity can cause
amenorrhea
http://www.avera.org/adam/ency/article/003149.htm (Avera Health, the
health ministry of the Benedictine and Presentation Sisters)
 
2. Growth failure 
b - Marasmic infants have hunger, gross weight loss, growth
retardation, and wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscle.
http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2c.htm (Merck
Manual)
 
3. Accumulation of lipofuscin 
d - lipofuscin accumulates with age in most animal species, for
example in human neurones and cardiac muscle 
http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nematode/Talk2.html (text of a lecture,
University College London)
 
4. Kwashiorkor  
 d – Marasmus is caused by an inadequate intake of both protein and
calories while in kwashiorkor there is inadequate protein intake, but
sufficient calories are ingested 
http://www.rush.edu/worldbook/articles/013000a/013000033.html
(Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago)
  
  
Question 5 through 8 Vitamin Deficiencies: 
 
5. Impaired night vision 
a  
6. Squamous metaplasia of glandular epithelium 
 a
“Lack of vitamin A causes diminished vision in dim light, followed by
night blindness, and eventually blindness. Lack of vitamin A leads to
squamous metaplasia of the conjunctiva and glandular epithelium.”
http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter20/kap%2020.htm (Textbook in
Medical Physiology And Pathophysiology, Poul-Erik Paulev, M.D., D.Sci

7. Cheilosis 
d primarily, but also c and e  Cheilosis is caused by a deficiency of
the vitamin B complex, especially riboflavin. (A number of authors
mention niacin and pyridoxine deficiencies as also causing this
lesion)
http://www.rush.edu/worldbook/articles/003000a/003000148.html
(Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago)
 
8. Vitamin-dependency syndromes  
 b, c and e
“Vitamin dependency results from a genetic defect in the metabolism of
the vitamin or in the binding of the vitamin-related coenzyme to its
apoenzyme… … Persons with vitamin dependency have been identified for
vitamin D, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, biotin, and vitamin B12”
http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter3/3a.htm (Merck
Manual)
 

9. A11 the following are true for chylomicrons except that  
 c. they give rise to chylomicron remnants that are taken up by
special
receptors on subcutaneous fat cells. 

Rationale for answer: 
“As a result of lipid digestion and absorption lipoproteins, such as
chylomicrons, are synthesized within the intestinal enterocytes”
www.unipr.it/arpa/dipfarm/erasmus/erasm17.html
“Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on blood capillary endothelial cells digests
the triacylglycerols of the chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol.”
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/block2/biochem/Rechsteiner/Rechsteiner%20Notes/MCR8.HTML
“Mouse, rat, and human livers produce three C apolipoproteins (APOCs),
low molecular weight surface components of chylomicrons”
http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/mlc.cgi?374
 “Chylomicrons contain Contain TAG's, DAG's, Phospholipids,
cholesterol and cholesterol esters… …remnants are recognized by the
liver and taken up by endocytosis.”
http://www2.canisius.edu/~corsot/biochemistry/fat_digestion.htm

10. The antithrombotic activity of endothelium is mediated by all the
following except 
 c. adenosine diphosphate.
 
Rationale for answer: 
 “PGI2- prostacyclin is secreted which is a potent inhibitor of
platelet aggregation and a strong vasodilator”
“Heparan sulfate proteoglycans- carbohydrate moieties expressed at
their membrane surface which act as cofactors for the plasma inhibitor
antithrombin III, which neutralizes thrombin and several of the other
coagulation enzymes”
“Thrombomodulin- a surface-expressed, integral membrane protein which
binds and inactivates thrombin with respect to its procoagulant
properties. A thrombin/thrombomodulin complex is a potent
anticoagulant complex since it activates protein C to activated
protein C.”
http://cats.med.uvm.edu/cats_teachingmod/pathology/path301/hemostasis/coagel/hembiochem.htm