I am working on a Master's level history paper on the subject of
alternatives to globalization.  I am particularly interested in
criticism of Francis Fukuyama and his "End of History" theories and
criticism of the "Clash of Civilization" theory put forth by
Huntington.  References should be substantiatable (word?), I will need
citing information.  Globalization in terms of economics, historical
background and social effects would be helpful.

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Clarification of Question by parky47-ga on 04 Nov 2002 10:10 PST

The time limit on this question defaulted to 1 month, I need this
information within 2 weeks.
thanks
Parky47-ga

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Request for Question Clarification by peggy_bill-ga on 04 Nov 2002 14:34 PST

Dear parky47,

I am interested in this subject.  But, I would like to ask you a few
questions first.  When you say this is a Master's level history paper,
do you mean that it is your Master's thesis?  Or is it a term paper
for a class?  If it is the latter, what is the class, and what length
of paper are you looking for?

pba

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Clarification of Question by parky47-ga on 05 Nov 2002 15:16 PST

It is a term paper for a class called History of the Future.  I am
just trying to be thorough and want to know about alternatives to
globalization, other than mutualism which is about all I can find.

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Clarification of Question by parky47-ga on 07 Nov 2002 05:36 PST

A list alternatives with brief discussion (with references) is what I
am looking for. For example, Hugh DeSantis has coined a term called
Mutualism and describes it as an association of like cultures and
interests that bind together to take advantage of combined strengths
for international negoitations (spelling?) and trade as well as local
problem solving and increased stability.  Are there any more named
alternatives?

<Alternatives to globalisation.

Regionalism.
Bob Deacons paper offers the solution of ‘a world order based on
cooperative agreements between regions each establishing for
themselves mechanisms for social redistribution, social regulation and
social rights.’

Making globalisation work for the poor.
The UK government white paper advocates responsible globalisation
where poverty is reduced and development is equitable and
environmentally sustainable. Tony Blair states ‘In order to make
globalisation work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant
private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and
reformed international institutions. We need to work collectively to
tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in
education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research,
strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to
trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance
more effective.’

Beyond the WTO: Alternatives to Economic globalization.
The International Forum on Globalisation has published a manifesto
which outlines eight core principles that economic policies, rules and
institutions should seek to further. These are:
1. Democracy/popular sovereignty.
2. Favouring the local.
3. Ecological Sustainability 
4. Economic Human Rights
5. Food security and food safety
6. Not trading in certain goods and services
7. Equity
8. Cultural, Biological, Economic and Social Diversity

Localisation.
Colin Hines puts forward the idea of localisation which he defines as
‘a set of interrelated and self-reinforcing policies that actively
discriminate in favour of the local. It provides a political and
economic framework for people, community groups and businesses to
re-diversify their own local economies. It has the potential to
increase community cohesion, reduce poverty
and inequality, improve livelihoods, social provision and
environmental protection
and provide the all important sense of security.’>


<Additional links:>

<The social dimension of regionalism: a constructive alternative to
neo-liberal globalisation? by Bob Deacon.>
<http://www.stakes.fi/gaspp/publications/occasional%20papers/gaspp8-2001.pdf>

<Eliminating World Poverty: Making globalisation work for the poor.>
<http://www.globalisation.gov.uk/>

<Critique of globalisation white paper.>
<http://www.greenparty.org.uk/reports/2000/globalisation/globalisationwpcritque.htm>

<Beyond the WTO: Alternatives to Economic globalization>
<http://www.ifg.org/beyondwto.html>

<Alternatives to economic globalization.>
<http://csf.colorado.edu/bioregional/2002/msg00126.html>

<Localisation – Colin Hines>
<http://www.cseweb.org.uk/downloads/hines.pdf>

<Links to alternatives of globalisation.>
<http://www.globalisationguide.org/10.html>

<Globalization growth and (in)equality.>
<http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CSGR/PDziura.pdf>

<Living economies.>
<http://iisd.ca/pcdf/Living_Economies/I_Intro.htm>

<The Endless History.>
<http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~lari/text-en/fukuyama.html

<Society, Individual Man and Education.>
<http://ultibase.rmit.edu.au/Articles/oct98/winther1.htm>

<Rethinking the "End of History": Francis Fukuyama's Premature
Obituary for Socialism>
<http://www.forum-global.de/soc/bibliot/s/smithendhistory.htm>

<The Information Revolution and the Direction of Governance>
<http://www.fathom.com/feature/122010>

<Criticism of fukuyama>
<http://www.lewrockwell.com/dmccarthy/dmccarthy32.html>

Criticisim of Huntington>
http://www.safeplace.net/members/mer/MER_a032.htm>

<Interview with fukuyama.>
<http://aurora.icaap.org/archive/fukuyama.html>

<Francis Fukuyama – History’s pallbearer>
<http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/biologicalscience/story/0,9834,713548,00.html>

<Links to reviews of Our Post Human Future.>
<http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/ghistory/fukuyama.htm>


<Search strategy:>
<"francis fukuyama" criticism>
<://www.google.com/search?q=%22francis+fukuyama%22+criticism&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&start=120&sa=N>

<"alternative to globalisation">
<://www.google.com/search?q=%22alternative+to+globalisation%22&hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1>


<Hope this helps.>

Parky47,

I teach political science and use both Fukuyama and Huntington as well
as alternative views in my syllabus.  Are you looking for a list of
references or are you asking us for an actual discussion of the
various authors?

gitana

Hi Parky,

Not sure if this is something that meets your requirements exactly
(since I am not a political scientist), but Benjamin Barber's book,
"Jihad vs McWorld" is a facinating historical account and forward look
at the conflict between the push towards retribalization and the
global spread of commercial homogeny.

His Atlantic Monthly essay which serves as a lead-in to the book, can
be found here --

ATLANTIC MONTHLY - JIHAD VS MCWORLD
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/barberf.htm

"The two axial principles of our age -- tribalism and globalism --
clash at every point except one: they may both be threatening to
democracy"

JIHAD VS MCWORLD
Ballantine Books (Trd Pap); ISBN: 0345383044; Reprint edition (August
1996)
 
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345383044/002-8618081-9155251#product-details

Interestingly, he wrote the book in 1992 and it was widely ignored or
discounted. Yet, much of his theory proved out on September 11, 2001.
The book is now a best seller.

-K~