1.WHAT DO WE MEAN BY METAL CLUSTERS AND WHEN THEY WERE FIRST
INTRODUCED IN
SCIENCE?
2.WHY ARE METAL CLUSTERS IMPORTANT?,
3.WHAT SCIENTISTS HAVE STUDIED IN
THE PAST ABOUT CLUSTERS AND HOW THEIR RESEARCH IS DEVELOPED FROM THE
PAST YEARS TILL NOW?WHICH ASPECTS OR FIELDS OF CLUSTERS THEY HAVE
STUDIED?(SOME
STUDIES:SPECTOSCOPY OF CLUSTERS, REACTIONS OF
CLUSTERS),
4.HOW CAN WE PRODUCE METAL CLUSTERS WITH MASS ANALYSE THRESHOLD
IONISATION SPECTROMETER(MATI) AND "FOURIER TRANSFOR ION CYCLOTION
RESONANCE"(FTICR) MASS SPECTROMETER(DETAIL)?ARE THERE ANY OTHER
TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE CLUSTERS (BRIEF)?
5.WHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY IS USED TO STUDY CLUSTERS,AND WHAT IS THE
INFORMATION WE CAN OBTAIN FROM MASS SPEC, IS IT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN THE
GEOMETRY OF CLUSTERS WITH THIS(THAT IS HOW ATOMS ARE ARRANGED IN A
CLUSTER)TECHNIQUE?
6.WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BULK CLUSTERS AND SMALL CLUSTERS AND WHY DO THEY
HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES (COMPARE)?(SOME DIAGRAMS IF APPLICCABLE AS
WELLL FOR JUSTIFICATION OF COMPARISON )
7. REACTIVITY AND REACTIONS OF CLUSTERS;
8.METAL CLUSTERS HAVE THEIR OWN PROPERTIES IN REACTIVITY AND THEY USE
SIZE(MASS) AS A FUNCTION WHY?
9.WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CLUSTERS IN CATALYSIS?

Ok fatsou

     What is all this nano buzz about? First HEADLINE news:
http://nanotechweb.org/articles/column/1/11/1/1

 and a list of similar articles:
http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/

  What does the word mean?  Read about SI units of measure and
prefixes:
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/si_en.html

  The history -  Feynman started the whole thing in 1959
http://www.amasci.com/feynman.html

  There are many sites and books about him and by him. You can find
the
link from the above reference, but it is easy to get  distracted and
diverted
to other ideas and stories, since he was a very clorfull character, so
here it is -- his classical lecture which started the field:
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

Now it is a busy field with  thousands of scientists around the world
working
in it  and holding regular conferences:
http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/IWFAC/2003/first.html


What are these clusters?
http://www.phys.canterbury.ac.nz/research/solid_state/clusters.html
and
http://fy.chalmers.se/f3a/atomcluster/Gencluster.html

What is their structure?
http://www.phys.canterbury.ac.nz/research/solid_state/clusters.html

How are they measured?:
http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk/atomcluster.html

   Note: when looking for 'clusters' using a search engine, it may
be confusing to see many references to astronomy. These are different
clusters, but both can be  measured by spectroscopy:
http://www.pharm.uky.edu/ASRG/general_spectroscopy.html
and
http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/overview/

 What are atomic clusters good for?

Catalysis and nanomaterials are just two of the very promising
application- ...
www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,3527295496,00.html
  
  What is catalysis? To get an explanation of any word, just type it
into
a google engine and click on that word in the blue bar. For catalysis
you get:
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=catalysis&r=67

Specificaly for clusters and catalysis
http://www-chimie.u-strasbg.fr/~lcc/THEME4angl
www.imc.tuwien.ac.at/workshop/keynote_list1.pdf

  When you think about it, the large surface area relative to bulk
is essential for catalysis, and that ratio is very dependent on size:
http://www.jncasr.ac.in/surfsci/nano.html

  In conclusion:

   That should give you some maeterial to put what you have from the
interview into a perspective. 

 As a free bonus, here is some advice on essay writing:
http://ohoh.essortment.com/howtowritegoo_rgec.htm
 To get material organised
http://members.tripod.com/~lklivingston/essay/
  and sort and select is essential
http://www.aldridgeshs.qld.edu.au/sose/skills/esswri1.htm

   Feel free to ask for clarification if you run into any problem.

    You can also use the Search Terms to get additional web pages:

   Molecular, atomic clusters
   catalysis
   spectrometry
   chemical reactions, clusters
   surface science, clusters
   nanotechnology, clusters,

 

  good luck

  hedgie

---

Request for Answer Clarification by fatsou-ga on 17 Nov 2002 15:39 PST

hello hedgie, the words buck and bulk have the same meaning? In his 
interview he used to say that clusters' properties  may be modified
compared to the bulk.
 he mentioned about small clusters and bulk clusters but i have info
on buck clusters is it the same thing?

thanks

---

Request for Answer Clarification by fatsou-ga on 17 Nov 2002 18:55 PST

dear dedgie,the sites that you gave me on clusters (for questions
1,2,3,5,9)were for the first 6 web sites not relevant to my subject,
meaning metal clusters and the site with the history of metal clusters
was not saying anything on clusters so i don't have data for the
history yet.

4.HOW CAN WE PRODUCE METAL CLUSTERS WITH MASS ANALYSE THRESHOLD 
IONISATION SPECTROMETER(MATI) AND "FOURIER TRANSFOR ION CYCLOTION
RESONANCE"(FTICR) MASS SPECTROMETER(DETAIL)?ARE THERE ANY OTHER
TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE CLUSTERS (BRIEF)?
 
6.WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BULK CLUSTERS AND SMALL CLUSTERS AND WHY DO THEY
HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES (COMPARE)?(SOME DIAGRAMS IF APPLICCABLE AS 
WELLL FOR JUSTIFICATION OF COMPARISON ) 
 
8.METAL CLUSTERS HAVE THEIR OWN PROPERTIES IN REACTIVITY AND THEY USE
SIZE(MASS) AS A FUNCTION WHY? 
these are the unanswered questions!

---

Clarification of Answer by hedgie-ga on 18 Nov 2002 05:17 PST

Hi  fatsou

1) Words buck and bulk have different meaning. Bulk in this context
means
  larger piece of material, larger clusters.

 Materials has different properties 'in bulk' and as clusters.
 Large clusters will have material properties similar to 'bulk'
properties.

 For common meaning see:
 http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=bulk  

 
  It is hard to say what 'buck clusters' can mean without the context.
   Could it be a typo?

2) The URLs given in the answer are not in the same order as your
questions.
   Rather they are in the 'logical order' of exposing the topic to a
lay
    audience. That applies to some of the content: For example, I
think
    the story of Feynman's seminal lecture is newsworthy and very
interesting.
   Even though he did not mentioned clusters in his lecture, he opened
the
   research which lead to their discovery.
    I would include that in history of cluster discovery - but it is
your essay - so you decide.

 Here is a site describing  IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY
http://www.is.univ.kiev.ua/Background/Part1/part11.html

and  Fourier-Transform Mass Spectrometry
http://www.chemistry.adelaide.edu.au/external/Soc-Rel/Content/ftms.htm

I will look for more info on the questions you listed as open.

You may have to read a bit on catalysis in general:
As I pointed out, the surface area (relative to volume) is esential
for catalytic action, and this ratio depends on size of the clusters.

This is explained e.g. here:
http://van.hep.uiuc.edu/van/qa/section/Everything_Else/Math/20020124164027.htm

Do you need more in this particular dependence?

---

Clarification of Answer by hedgie-ga on 18 Nov 2002 15:36 PST

Hi Fatsou

            Here is  the  'missing info'.  Some of this is
getting to into  the technical details --
selection may be necessary. To the end of this clarifcation
 I am listing few books on the subject -
for the unlikely case that you would want to
get even deeper into the technical details.



4.HOW CAN WE PRODUCE METAL CLUSTERS WITH MASS ANALYSE THRESHOLD
    IONISATION SPECTROMETER(MATI) AND

Production of Multiply Charged Anionic Clusters
http://wswww.physik.uni-mainz.de/ClusterFalle/mainpage.html

paper ( available in libraries or on line for a fee )

"From above threshold ionization to statistical electron emission: the
laser pulse-duration dependence of C60 photoelectron spectra",
E.E.B. Campbell, K. Hansen, K. Hoffmann, G. Korn, M. Tchaplyguine, M.
Wittmann, I.V. Hertel,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 2128-2131

Physical Review Letters Online
Description: Full papers only available on subscription. However,
abstracts of papers accessible
by everybody.
http://prl.aps.org/



 "FOURIER TRANSFOR ION CYCLOTION
    RESONANCE"(FTICR) MASS SPECTROMETER(DETAIL)

http://wswww.physik.uni-mainz.de/ClusterFalle/asms98-radcool.html
and
 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance(FT-ICR ...
http://www.tac.tsukuba.ac.jp/uttac/annual/
2000/negishi-annual-2000.pdf
http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/
papers/00/ECS_Tront_abst.pdf

?ARE THERE ANY OTHER
    TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE CLUSTERS (BRIEF)?


methods of production
http://www.physik.uni-rostock.de/Cluster/beams/jt-sources.html



6.and 8.  REACTIVITY AND SIZE(MASS)

 Size selection
http://web.ssci.liv.ac.uk/~raval/page24.html

Chemical reactivity of size-selected supported clusters: An
experimental setup
U. Heiz, a) F. Vanolli, L. Trento, and WD Schneider Institut de
Physique Expe ...
www.unil.ch/ipmc/docs/wds/sa/Abbet/ publications/experiment.pdf



Reactivity of Metal Clusters
http://www2.lib.chalmers.se/cth/diss/doc/9798/HolmgrenCharlotte.html


Novel Catalytic Properties

Novel Catalytic Properties
http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/04_02.htm


   HISTORY OF CLUSTERS

The Evolution of Cluster Science
http://brian.ch.cam.ac.uk/~jon/PhD2/node3.html

  MORE DETAILS?

 Cluster portal (under construction - will contain bibliography)
http://service.wolfgang-christen.net/service.php

  There are limits on what can be found on the web for free.
  For detailed description of methods, it ay be necessary to
  visit a library:

Books:
ROGRESS IN THE PHYSICS OF CLUSTERS
http://www.wspc.com/books/physics/3949.html

Metal clusters in chemistry, Vol. 1.
Edited by P. Braunstein, L.A. Oro and Raithby. Wiley, 1999.
Chem. Ref. 546.6 M587 1999 v. 1

Metal clusters in chemistry, Vol. 2.
Edited by P. Braunstein, L.A. Oro and Raithby. Wiley, 1999.
Chem. Ref. 546.6 M587 1999 v. 2

Metal clusters in chemistry, Vol. 3.
Edited by P. Braunstein, L.A. Oro and Raithby. Wiley, 1999.
Chem. Ref. 546.6 M587 1999 v. 3

review of few more books:
www.wiley-vch.de/vch/journals/2002/books/200017.pdf


   I think that info on-line will be sufficient for you purpose
    and you would not need to get into  full complexity of the topic.

hedgie

---

Request for Answer Clarification by fatsou-ga on 19 Nov 2002 11:44 PST

hello hedgie, thanks a lot for the new data you have submitted to me;
and it seems that it will make my life esier! I haven't read all of
the sites yet  but as soon as i do I will let you know! I have so many
things to include in this journal and i think the word limit is low. I
am confused in a way cause i have to write the journal in a way that
it will attract the reader and make him want to read it. i want to do
it interesting!
Have you got an idea how i can do that?

anyway, I hope you can help and thanks again the info is perfect up to
now!I will let you know when i finish reading all the sites!
thanks again!!!

---

Clarification of Answer by hedgie-ga on 21 Nov 2002 04:50 PST

I am glad fatsou
              
             that you found the additional info useful. 

 I think you now have more data then you will be able to use
 and still keep it interesting - so what you need now is
 to select and organize.

 I would start with expected applications to arouse curiosity and
 than switch to historical presentation, starting with Feynman...

  And remember: rating of answers is not required, but it is appreciated.
  It help us become better researches.

  hedgie

Writing in capital letters 
	a) makes your questions hard to read
 	b) creates a bad (angry) impression 

Both can limit opprtunity for a goof answer

I Thought that by writing in capital is sometimes more clear to the
reader. Sorry I didn't mean to make it hard for you! if I am allowed
to rewrite everything  with lower case I can do it for u! Just let me
know. anyway is the first time I am using this so I didn't know how I
was supposed to present my questions!!!!!!!

You need not say sorry Fatsou-ga. That's just one person's view. I
find nothing wrong with your query. Remember, we are here to help you.
As long as you stick to the Terms of Service
(https://answers.google.com/answers/termsofservice.html) and interact
properly with the researchers, you will have no problem. Regarding
this matter, I give you my sincere apologies in behalf of the other
researchers. Just give us more time and someone will attend to your
query soon.

Regards,

Feilong

Hi,

  Perhaps you would like to split the questions into individual ones.
Instead of a 9-in-1 $55 question, you could try splitting it into 5
questions (each 2, and one 1) of $10 or 11 each. That way you will
probably get a faster response. I'm saying this because as a
researcher, if I am unable to answer even 1 of the questions you
asked, I won't post an answer even if I am able to gather information
on the other 8, simply because this service gives you 100%
satisfaction.

  As feilong rightly pointed out, each person has his own views. This
is my own view and is not necessarily subscribed by Google.

Cheers,
aditya2k

I agree 100%. It would be good if you take Aditya2K's advice - both on
your part and us researchers.

Hello fatsou

         It may be also a good idea to do some preliminary reading
 before you split or rephrase the question.
 
 Clusters were first observed with carbon (all elements make them 
 not just metals) and called (a bit humorously) Bucky Balls:  
http://www.imbris.net/~jfromm/bucky/bucky.htm
http://www.unm.edu/~rzyla/active_molecule.html

They are often charged (and have diverse mass) which explains
usefulness of the Mass Spectroscopy:
htp://calcite.physics.gatech.edu/~costas/PRL02996.pdf

 Their study is part of nanoscience and nanotechnology
 and quite fascinating. To enter the field,
I would start with a review article, something like 
http://www.sciam.com/nanotech/

 Then perhaps review a directory, such as 
http://dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Nanotechnology
 (Note the people, institutes, history subcategories).

Since your interest seems quite serious, you may start with a book:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-form/104-1583261-3732735

   If you (then or now) decide to reformulate the question, you may
want to indicate a  desired level of the answer. 
 Either directly (popular to high-school to a PhD level monographs and
papers)
or by elaborating a question a bit so we get a clue  of where you are.
 
  This is a new but already wast field, and a good answer would reqire
 some selection. 
 In any case, you do not have to re-write the question -
 If you leave it as it is, someone will pick it up.

  And thanks for responding to my comment.

 Hedgie

Hello feilong and aditya2k, thanks a lot for your advise and i agree
to your suggestion but now the question is already posted, how can i
change it? if i do rewrite the whole thing, am I going  to pay extra
money to post it again? Is it to difficult you think, to be answered
the way it is already posted? I don't want to mess the question and i
am not sure how much money  to put for each part as I don't know yet
how detailed i will discuss  each question in my journal.

Hi there I appreciate the fact that you ve sent me these sites to get
an idea and thanks you very much!  to let you know what i have to do
:I had to interview a scientist in my department and now i have to
write a journal of 2000-2200 words on his reaserch! he told me "what
we are studying is the nanosciece of metal clusters"  so from the site
that you suggested i didn't find anything specific so I am a little
bit confused on that! THE Bulk material sites were very good thanks.
Now i am not sure how to reformulate my question! i thought that the
reaserchers answer the questions whenever they have an answer in any
of the parts! I din't know that they have to find all the answers to
the parts and then post the answer to you!
do you think it will be answered by somebody? I want to do a really
good work on this journal!

Hi there I appreciate the fact that you ve sent me these sites to get
an idea and thanks you very much!  to let you know what i have to do
:I had to interview a scientist in my department and now i have to
write a journal of 2000-2200 words on his reaserch! he told me "what
we are studying is the nanosciece of metal clusters"  so from the site
that you suggested i didn't find anything specific so I am a little
bit confused on that! THE Bulk material sites were very good thanks.
Now i am not sure how to reformulate my question! i thought that the
reaserchers answer the questions whenever they have an answer in any
of the parts! I din't know that they have to find all the answers to
the parts and then post the answer to you!
Also I can't access the site that contains  information about the
clusters having diverse mass which explains the usefulness of the mass
spectroscopy!!I have no clue why and it seems that this site might be
usefull!
do you think my question will be answered by somebody? I want to do a
really good work on this journal!

hi hedgie, accidentally I have send you the same comment twice ignore the one!

OK fatsou,

   mystery solved.   What was confusing, to me and I suppose to others as well,
   was mix of very  complex technical questions  like 
  use of (MATI)and (FTICR), with some very elementary questions.

  Researchers try to
  answer each question fully as the price given covers the whole question.

   Now that I know what you are after, and that  your capital leters do
   not mean SHOUTING, as explained here
  
http://www.yourhtmlsource.com/starthere/netiquette.html

    I feel that I can answer your questions. It must be understood, that I
 can only give you references to material you may need and decide to use.
 You still have to write the essay.  Is that OK?

  Regarding this reference:
htp://calcite.physics.gatech.edu/~costas/PRL02996.pdf 
 there are few problems:
1) my typo; It should have been
http://calcite.physics.gatech.edu/~costas/PRL02996.pdf 
2) it is a pdf document. Some computers need to download a reader
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html
3) It really is a high level technical paper. Since your audience is
   nontechnical, you probably do not need that level of detail. Instead you
   may have to explain what mass spectrometer is and does. Like this:
http://www.duke.edu/~mdfeezor/NSHome/inform/basicms.html

   But - that is your essay and so it your call.

hedgie
hedgie

Hi hedgie
and thanks a lot for the answer! I have not read through the sites yet
but I will inform you what i think when i do so!they look fine to me
but i will tell you then what i think! I have to search now and write
it down
 Now about my journal, the professor said:"this should be in the form
of an article for a popular science journal of that puplication and if
appropriate, you should include relevant visual material,tables,
graphs,diagrams or images with your article". so we will be judged on
how succesfull we are in engaging the interest and curiosity of our
audience which will include non specialists.we need to be sure to
describe significant implications of the research both for the
scientific community and for the society as a whole.

Now the reason for asking you data on the MATI and FTICR SPECTROMETERS
it was because my reasercher will colaborate in an experiment with
other scientist to make clusters and then study their surface area
role so I need to mention these 2 methos of producing clusters but not
in a difficult way! I hope that this comment will make it even easier
for you to understant why i have to talk somewhere about MATI and
FTICR.
 Do you think what I have got it will meet the standard of the
material I need for the journal? I am worrying!!!

Thanks a lot for your help and i will come back to you if I have more
inquiries! Is that ok?

Hi again

     I think you have plenty of the raw material.
 
      Challenge now seems to be selection and organization.

   The  MATI and FTICR may need a bit more - but considering complexity
   and length of the article -- I doubt you can explain function in any
   detail. Some picture perhaps? A pic of just plain mass spectrometer:
http://www.chemistry.ccsu.edu/glagovich/teaching/472/ms/instrumentation.html

".. will come back to you if I have more
  inquiries! Is that ok?"


   Yes. That would be OK. 
   Now that answer was given it will be better to
   use 'clarify answer' function then 'comment'  function of google
    for futher clarifications.

hedgie