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Q: Sale of human tissue in Canada (human cells) ( Answered 5 out of 5 stars,   0 Comments )
Question  
Subject: Sale of human tissue in Canada (human cells)
Category: Health > Medicine
Asked by: voidhack-ga
List Price: $10.00
Posted: 09 Oct 2003 09:59 PDT
Expires: 08 Nov 2003 08:59 PST
Question ID: 264617
I would like to know if human sale tissue (commercial sale) is being
done in Canada.
I understand that human tissue donation is perfectly legal and widely
done. But is the commercial sale of the human tissue after the
donation possible?
Apparently, this company in the United States does just that :
http://www.phylogenyinc.com/.
Answer  
Subject: Re: Sale of human tissue in Canada (human cells)
Answered By: czh-ga on 09 Oct 2003 17:06 PDT
Rated:5 out of 5 stars
 
Hello voidhack-ga,

You raised some very interesting questions. The advancement of
medicine has ledto the ever more sophisticated use of human organs and
tissues. The need is enormous and the supply is limited. The legal,
financial, moral and ethical framework on how to handle organ and
tissue acquisition varies tremendously all over the world. As
technological advances are made, new issues arise.

The short answer to your question is: No. The sale of human tissue is
forbidden in Canada.

But the situation is somewhat complicated and requires extensive
discussion to explore what kind of charges and fees are permitted for
the collection, handling and processing of human tissue and who can
charge what. Further, as organs and tissues are becoming commoditized
there are new issues of intellectual property rights to be considered.

This was a fascinating research topic. I’ve collected a variety of
resources to help you gain an understanding of how human organ and
tissue donation and acquisition is regulated in Canada. I’ve included
laws, regulations, policies, news articles and other resources to help
you get a clearer picture. My research shows that Canadian companies
are not key players in the human tissue industry but I’ve included
some resources to help you take a further look at this if you’re
interested.

Best wishes for your explorations.

~ czh ~


===========================
HUMAN TISSUE SALES - CANADA
===========================

http://www.spr-consilio.com/LivingOrganProviders.pdf
Paying Living Organ Providers
Shaun D. Pattinson LLB MA PhD*
2003 -- First Published in Web Journal of Current Legal Issues

***** This is an 18-page scholarly paper that gives an excellent
overview of the legal, financial and moral issues involved in human
organ and tissue donation and distribution.

Summary
Should we allow commercial dealings in human organs? Negative answers
are given by the regulatory frameworks of at least 24 countries;
albeit it negative answers that otherwise display as many differences
as common features. This article challenges these regulatory positions
by questioning the defensibility of prohibiting living persons from
selling their organs. It is argued that existing blanket prohibitions
threaten the autonomy and self-determination interests of potential
organ providers, and the interests of potential organ recipients.
Thus, it is argued, rights-based (and other autonomy-focused) moral
theories must be prima facie supportive of regulated organ dealings.

Canada	
No federal legislation, but there are prohibitions in most of the 13
Provinces. Many Provinces have adopted versions of the Uniform Tissue
Donation Act 1989, s.15 of which prohibits commercial dealings.

Alberta	Human Tissue Gift Act 2000, s.10.
British Columbia	Human Tissue Gift Act 1996, s.10.
Manitoba	Human Tissue Act 1987, s.15.
New Brunswick	Human Tissue Act, s.8(3)–8(6).
Newfoundland & Labrador	Human Tissue Act 1990, s.18.
Northwest Territories	No legislation.
Nova Scotia	Human Tissue Gift Act 1989, s.11.
Nunavut	No legislation.
Ontario	Trillium Gift of Life Network Act, s.10 (previously called the
Human Tissue Gift Act 1990)
Prince Edward Island	Human Tissue Donation Act 1992, s.15.
Quebec	The Civil Code is silent on commercial dealings in human
organs.
Saskatchewan	Human Tissue Gift Act 1978, s.11.
Yukon 	Human Tissue Gift Act 1986, s.10.

Types of incentive or reimbursement allowed
Incentives or compensation can take a number of forms. In theory, a
variety of incentive or compensatory payments could be made to
suppliers, procurers, or advertisers of human tissue. A person
supplying an organ could, for example, be permitted to receive
directly attributable costs (such as travel expenses and loss of
earnings) or monetary payment (either regulated or unregulated), could
be protected from incurring directly attributable costs (by, for
example, social security and sick pay provision), or could be
prohibited from receiving any incentive, compensation, or financial
protection. None of the countries studied allow payment (whether
regulated or not), but many allow directly attributable costs to be
reimbursed or seek to protect donors from incurring such costs.

----------------------------


http://www.ulcc.ca/en/us/index.cfm?sec=1&sub=1h1
Uniform Law Conference of Canada
HUMAN TISSUE DONATION ACT -- April 1990

----------------------------


http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/lyodura/index.html
http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/lyodura/industry.html
Broadcast March 27 & April 3, 2002 
Deadly Harvest – Parts for Sale
The Tissue Industry: Parts for Sale

While it's against the law to profit from the sale of body parts, it
is permitted to charge reasonable fees for the collection, handling
and processing of human tissue. Most tissue banks in the U.S. are
non-profit agencies that employ technicians who remove the donated
tissue. But these banks are increasing becoming 'middlemen' for large
processors of human tissue. The rapidly growing tissue processing
industry is now worth an estimated half a billion dollars.

The Edmonton Comprehensive Tissue Centre is one of the largest tissue
banks in Canada. It's part of a scattered group of banks that supply
tissue for surgeons at local hospitals. In the past few years, driven
by chronic shortages, the big American tissue processors have been
coming to these banks in Canada looking to buy raw material.

Here in Canada the government has been working on standards for tissue
banking for the past seven years. Right now it is not known how many
tissue banks there are or how they are being run. In the absence of
rules many Canadian tissue banks have opted to voluntarily follow
industry standards set by the American Association of Tissue Banks.
(read an interview with Jim Mohr about Canadian Tissue banking)

Right now tissue banks are not licensed, not inspected and there is no
central registry in Canada.



http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/lyodura/consumertips.html
Canadian Tissue Banking

RIGHT NOW, NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE A CLEAR PICTURE OF TISSUE BANKING IN
CANADA. NO ONE KNOWS HOW MANY TISSUE BANKS THERE ARE. HOW MANY TISSUE
DONORS…

----------------------------


http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/apr2002/body-a26_prn.shtml
26 April 2002 -- Human organs: the next futures market?

The second part of the CBC program dealt with the rapidly growing
tissue industry, now estimated to be worth half a billion dollars.
“Deadly Harvest—Parts for Sale” explained that while it is illegal to
profit from the sale of body parts, charging for the collection,
handling and processing of human tissue is permitted. Videl Herrera, a
freelance autopsy technician in Los Angeles, explained how large
tissue processors engage in a bidding war for the same body parts. He
explained that a person who procures and sells human tissue could make
anywhere from $80,000 to $200,000 per body. Arthur Caplan, an ethicist
at the University of Pennsylvania, states that tissue is worth “more
than diamonds, in some cases.”

----------------------------


http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inippd-dppi.nsf/vwGeneratedInterE/ip00163e.html
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inippd-dppi.nsf/vwGeneratedInterE/h_ip00060e.html
Intellectual Property Policy

Banking of Human Materials, Intellectual Property Rights and Ownership
Issues: International Policy Positions and Emerging Trends in the
Literature
Canadian society has generally perceived the gratuitous alienation(3)
of body parts by individuals as "praiseworthy"(4). This is in contrast
to lucrative alienation which raises questions particularly where
third parties are involved. Indeed, the issue of economic "worth" and
interest in products developed from donated cells and tissues
seriously strains the altruistic model(5). The treatment of body parts
and products as objects available for commerce, could be considered as
the "commodification" of the human body and as an affront to respect
for human dignity. Yet, only in very rare cases will an individual
have cells containing the unique properties which, after biotechnical
transformation, might lead to commercially exploitable products. In
the event of such commercial breakthroughs however, a total
prohibition on researchers and sponsors from recovering their
investment of time, monies and ingenuity through eventual financial
profit might ultimately discourage research leading to therapeutic
developments profitable to the whole of society. Several recent
examples illustrate the notion of the body/person as not merely a
commodity but as a "natural resource", available for exploitation.

***** This is a scholarly paper that will give you a comprehensive
overview of the issues involved in human tissue banking and the
advantages gained from human tissue and organ donation.

----------------------------


http://www.givelife.ca/
The GiveLife web site was developed to assist Canadians in making
informed decisions regarding organ, tissue and bone marrow donation.
This site provides some national information regarding organ and
tissue donation, but more importantly acts as a portal to the many
provincial organizations that are mandated to oversee organ and tissue
donation programs in each region.

***** This is one very long page. You can click on the navigation
buttons or simply scroll down to find a wide collection of resources
regarding organ/tissue donation.

----------------------------


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/116047.stm
June 19, 1998  -- Health
Controls wanted on sale of human tissue

The trade in human skin, bone and other tissues is booming and
European scientists say it needs to be better regulated.
The industry is already worth millions of dollars worldwide. In North
America, two Canadian companies that set up skin banks have recently
been given the go-ahead to sell the tissue commercially to burns
victims.

----------------------------


http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/bgtd-dpbtg/cto_guidance_doc_e.html
Health Canada – Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate
Health Products and Food Branch
January 2003  -- Guidance Document: Basic Safety Requirements for
Human Cells, Tissues and Organs for Transplantation

----------------------------


http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/organandtissue/index.html
The National Organ & Tissue Information Site is geared to helping you
and your family understand the facts about donation and
transplantation so that you can make an informed decision.

----------------------------


http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoComDoc/36/1/HEAL/Studies/Reports/healrp05-e.htm#toc
ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION: 
A Canadian Approach
Report of the Standing Committee on Health
Joseph Volpe, M.P.
Chairman
April 1999

10th International Congress of Human Genetics in Vienna, May 2001 
WHAT IS A PERSON'S DNA WORTH?
FAIR COMPENSATION FOR DNA ACCESS
J C Bear, Faculty of Medicine
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St John's, NF A1B 3V6 CANADA
bearre@mun.ca

The issue:
Human genomic information, it is widely anticipated, will allow the
development of profitable new drugs for the clinical management of
common causes of morbidity and mortality (1, 2). This has resulted in
a demand for access to the DNA of individuals and populations, in
which disease-predisposing alleles can be sought. In such a commercial
context, access to an individual's DNA, for the information it
reveals, must have a monetary value. It is therefore remarkable that
people are routinely expected to allow commercial genome researchers
to sample their DNA for free.

Why so little discussion of a commercial price for DNA access? 
Limited consideration has been given to compensation in respect of the
commercial value of DNA access, but this has been concerned primarily,
and in the abstract, with protecting the interests of economically
weak populations considered as populations rather than as individuals
(see for example 7).
There has been little if any discussion of a specific commercial price
for access to an individual's DNA. This seems to reflect widely held
attitudes and assumptions which, left unexamined, have caused
compensation of individuals to remain unconsidered.

There is widespread and deeply felt ethical objection to the making of
profit from DNA. Nevertheless, human DNA is being commercialized, and
appropriate compensation of individuals for commercial access to their
DNA is fully in keeping with respect for human dignity and human
rights [see (8)].
Established attitudes discourage compensation of medical research
subjects (9), and might be thought to discourage compensation for DNA
access. However, individuals allowing DNA access in commercial genome
studies cannot accurately be considered quasi-volunteer research
"subjects." In the commercial context, they are owners of a
commercially valuable resource.

The bottom line:
Compensation in the order of $50,000 is appropriate for commercial
access to one individual's DNA for the purpose of developing a product
for the clinical management of a common disorder. Additional
compensation in the form of royalties is appropriate, if the product's
profitability exceeds the initial estimates used to set the access
fee. These estimates should encourage potential research participants
to negotiate aggressively, or to require their governments to do so,
with corporate interests wishing to access their DNA.

----------------------------


http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/bgtd-dpbtg/cto_directive_e.html
Technical Requirements to Address the Safety of Cells, Tissues and
Organs for Transplantation -- Date: 2003-01-28

The purpose of this directive is to advise all establishments and
individuals in Canada handling and/or processing human cells, tissues,
and organs of the importance of adhering to basic standards of safety
with respect to the manufacture and use of these products for
transplantation. This directive applies to those establishments
described below in "Scope".

----------------------------


http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/background/human.html
Human Research, Human Dignity
Human organs in medical research

What happens in Canada when pathologists or researchers want to use
human tissue in research? … In theory, all research in Canada
involving human beings is covered by a series of guidelines from a
council made up of the major federally sponsored research councils.

----------------------------


http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/organandtissue/links/eyebank.htm
Canadian Eye Banks and Tissue Centres

----------------------------


http://www.transplantrx.com/resources/geninfo/procurement.htm
Tissue Banks

----------------------------


http://www.21cm.com/resources/organdonation_res.html
Organ & Tissue Donation

----------------------------


http://ca.dir.yahoo.com/Health/Procedures_and_Therapies/Surgeries/Organ_Transplants/
Directory > Health > Procedures and Therapies > Surgeries > Organ
Transplants



====================================
TISSUE BANKS AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
====================================

http://www.fdli.org/pubs/Journal%20Online/55_3/art5.pdf
The International Harmonization of Human Tissue Regulation: Regulatory
Control Over Human Tissue Use and Tissue Banking in Select Countries
and the Current State of International Harmonization Efforts
Author: Barbara Indech
Issue: 55 Food and Drug Law Journal 343-372 (2000). 

Human tissues play a critical role in modern medicine. Beyond
immediate therapeutic uses, tissues (unlike organs) may be stored
indefinitely in traceable and often coded form and later used for such
purposes as biomedical research, among others. Both living donors and
cadavers serve as sources of human tissue.

This article examines the ethical considerations associated with human
tissue use, human tissue regulation in several countries, as well as
regionally by the European Union, and the current multi-country effort
toward international harmonization of human tissue use and tissue
banking. The article concludes by highlighting a number of factors
that should be considered in this endeavor.

***** This is a 30-page scholarly article.

----------------------------


http://www.cap.org/captoday/archive/2003/0503/tissue_banking.html
May 2003 -- Cache register - the risky business of tissue banking 

Even thornier is the issue of commercialization, which dominated the
newspaper articles that put tissue banking on the regulatory reform
map—the 2000 “Body Brokers” series in the Orange County Register.

Under federal law, it is illegal to sell human tissues. But in
practice, this mainly means that donors can’t get paid for donating.
Many American organ procurement organizations sell skin, bone, heart
valves, or tendons directly to for-profit companies that craft
products from body parts—or to nonprofit tissue banks that do the
selling for them.

For example, if a nonprofit organ procurement organization finds that
a whole heart is unsuitable for transplant, it might be reimbursed for
expenses by CryoLife; then CryoLife might use it to make thousands of
dollars in
valve sales.

“Once it has been processed,” the OIG’s Grob noted at the Senate
hearing, “tissue is treated more like a commodity than a donation. The
packages in which human tissue is supplied—bottles, vials, containers
shrink-wrapped in plastic—resemble many other medical supplies.”

A loophole in the National Organ Transplant Act has allowed
commercialization to flourish. “Read the law,” Rigney advises. “It
prohibits the sale of tissues but allows for reimbursement of certain
costs. I can tell you every organ procurement agency in the country
has financial relationships with for-profit companies.”

----------------------------


http://www.ocregister.com/features/body/day1_who.shtml
Tissue supply, demand make for odd alliances 
ORGANIZATIONS: Business and non profit groups are intimately
intertwined.
April 16, 2000 

Tissue banks and biomedical companies work together to harvest,
process and distribute body parts. Here are the key players:

----------------------------


http://www.humanlife.net/news/july2000/tissue.html
U.S. Will Scrutinize Tissue Sales 
The Clinton administration's chief health official is launching a
comprehensive investigation into the nation's $500 million tissue-
bank industry.

----------------------------


http://www.ocregister.com/features/body/rti00811cci1.shtml
Taking stock in human tissue 
IPO: Regeneration Technologies, which makes products from donated
human bone and other tissue, debuts at $14 a share.
August 11, 2000 

A LOOK AT THE FINDINGS SO FAR 
The Orange County Register investigation of the tissue trade has
prompted a federal investigation into the fast-growing industry -
predicted to hit $1 billion in sales within two years.

The key findings: 
•Nonprofit tissue banks and organ-procurement organizations act as
middlemen for private companies. These relationships are not disclosed
to donor families. Families also are not told about the value of their
gifts.
•A single cadaver can generate more than $220,000 for nonprofit tissue
banks and corporate partners.
•Burn centers have scrambled for cadaver skin to treat patients, while
companies have reported no trouble getting skin for products used in
plastic surgery, including penile implants and lip enhancement
procedures.
•There are almost no federal regulations of the industry, and the Food
and Drug Administration doesn't even know how many tissue banks exist.
•Bodies donated to research are used in crash tests and other
product-safety tests. The Los Angeles County Coroner's Office has
given away or sold human body parts to researchers without family
permission.

----------------------------


http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_15/b3778081.htm
APRIL 15, 2002  -- Human Tissue: Handle with Care 
It's getting more important in medical research, but ethicists have
grave privacy concerns


============================
BOOKS ON HUMAN TISSUE MARKET
============================

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0609605402/002-7114465-3288808?v=glance
Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age
by Lori B. Andrews, Dorothy Nelkin
·	Hardcover: 256 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.00 x 8.75 x 5.75 
·	Publisher: Crown Publishing Group; (February 13, 2001) 
·	ASIN: 0609605402 

----------------------------


http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0195162846.html
Transplanting Human Tissue
Ethics, Policy and Practice
Edited by STUART J. YOUNGNER, Case Western Reserve University, MARTHA
W. ANDERSON, Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, and RENIE
SCHAPIRO, University of Wisconsin Medical School

The use of human tissue for transplantation is becoming a
billion-dollar business. This book is the first comprehensive
exploration of the American tissue transplantation industry. It traces
the chain of distribution of musculoskeletal tissue (e.g. bones and
ligaments) and skin from the generous donation of grieving families to
its transplantation into hundreds of thousands of persons each year.
Commodification, commercialization, and the occassional use of tissue
for "cosmetic" surgery have raised ethical questions about the
acceptability of "markets" in human body parts that have been
altruistically donated by families. Inevitably, questions about the
informed consent and the need for responsible stewardship by the
industry have been raised, often in the Press.

----------------------------


http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894991787/cyberhaven00/002-7114465-3288808
Ownership of Human Tissues and Cells: New Developments in
Biotechnology
by Office of Technology Assessment United States

----------------------------


http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0062505246/002-7114465-3288808?v=glance
The Human Body Shop: The Engineering and Marketing of Life
by Andrew Kimbrell, Jeremy Rifkin
·	Hardcover: 348 pages 
·	Publisher: HarperCollins; (April 1993) 
·	ASIN: 0062505246 



===============
SEARCH STRATEGY
===============

Phylogeny human tissue sales
Human Tissue Acquisition
human tissue sales
human tissue sales regulation Canada
"human tissue"  payment Canada
canadian "human tissue" research

Request for Answer Clarification by voidhack-ga on 09 Oct 2003 20:55 PDT
Great research. I started sorting trough all this information. It is
going to take me awhile!
One quick note, is there a reference for the information you provide
here:
Canada  
No federal legislation, but there are prohibitions in most of the 13
Provinces. Many Provinces have adopted versions of the Uniform Tissue
Donation Act 1989, s.15 of which prohibits commercial dealings.
 
Alberta Human Tissue Gift Act 2000, s.10. 
British Columbia Human Tissue Gift Act 1996, s.10. 
Manitoba Human Tissue Act 1987, s.15. 
New Brunswick Human Tissue Act, s.8(3)–8(6). 
Newfoundland & Labrador Human Tissue Act 1990, s.18. 
Northwest Territories No legislation. 
Nova Scotia Human Tissue Gift Act 1989, s.11. 
Nunavut No legislation. 
Ontario Trillium Gift of Life Network Act, s.10 (previously called the
Human Tissue Gift Act 1990)
Prince Edward Island Human Tissue Donation Act 1992, s.15. 
Quebec The Civil Code is silent on commercial dealings in human
organs.
Saskatchewan Human Tissue Gift Act 1978, s.11. 
Yukon  Human Tissue Gift Act 1986, s.10. 

This information is very interesting, but in Quebec for example Art.
25 says that " The alienation by a person of a part or product of his
body shall be gratuitous, ..."
The reference for this exerpt would be greatly apreciated. Once again,
great work !

Clarification of Answer by czh-ga on 09 Oct 2003 23:37 PDT
Hello voidhack-ga,

I’m glad to hear that the research was useful to you. I found three
references for the phrase " The alienation by a person of a part or
product of his
body shall be gratuitous, ..."

All the best.

~ czh ~

http://www.canlii.org/qc/sta/csqc/20030530/c.c.q./part1.html
Quebec >> Statutes and Regulations >> Consolidated Statutes of Quebec
>> Version: 2003-05-30 >> Civil Code of Québec
CIVIL CODE OF QUÉBEC
S.Q., 1991, c. 64.
updated to January 1, 2003
last amendment: June 24, 2002

25.  The alienation by a person of a part or product of his body shall
be gratuitous; it may not be repeated if it involves a risk to his
health.
An experiment may not give rise to any financial reward other than the
payment of an indemnity as compensation for the loss and inconvenience
suffered.
1991, c. 64, s. 25.

------------------------------------------

http://www.parl.gc.ca/english/senate/com-e/euth-e/rep-e/lad-tc-e.htm
The Special Senate Committee on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
Of Life and Death - Final Report  -- June 1995

http://www.parl.gc.ca/english/senate/com-e/euth-e/rep-e/lad-a2-e.htm 
Appendix F
Relevant Provisions of the Criminal Code and the Civil Code 

Civil Code
Title Two
Certain Personality Rights 
Chapter I
Integrity Of The Person

Art. 25 The alienation by a person of a part or product of his body
shall be gratuitous; it may not be repeated if it involves a risk to
his health.
An experiment may not give rise to any financial reward other than the
payment of an indemnity as compensation for the loss and inconvenient
suffered.

---------------------------------------

http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/pdp-hrp/docs/iccpr/pq_e.cfm
Human Rights Program
Québec
463. The Government of Québec committed itself to complying with the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by adopting Order
in Council 1438-76 on April 21, 1976.

477. The Code lists the circumstances in which a minor or a person of
full age who is incapable of giving his or her consent may submit or
be submitted to an experiment and lays down the general framework for
such experiments. It also states the principle that a person must
consent before a part of his or her body that is removed as part of
the care that he or she receives may be used for research purposes.
The Code also states the principle that the alienation by a person of
a part or product of his or her body is gratuitous and that an
experiment may not give rise to any financial reward other than the
payment of an indemnity as compensation for the loss and inconvenience
suffered by the person submitted thereto.

Request for Answer Clarification by voidhack-ga on 10 Oct 2003 05:38 PDT
I'm sorry, I wrote my comment incorrectly, the quote I wanted a
reference from was from your first answer :

Alberta Human Tissue Gift Act 2000, s.10.  
British Columbia Human Tissue Gift Act 1996, s.10.  
Manitoba Human Tissue Act 1987, s.15.  
New Brunswick Human Tissue Act, s.8(3)–8(6).  
Newfoundland & Labrador Human Tissue Act 1990, s.18.  
Northwest Territories No legislation.  
Nova Scotia Human Tissue Gift Act 1989, s.11.  
Nunavut No legislation.  
Ontario Trillium Gift of Life Network Act, s.10 (previously called the
Human Tissue Gift Act 1990) 
Prince Edward Island Human Tissue Donation Act 1992, s.15.  
Quebec The Civil Code is silent on commercial dealings in human 
organs. 
Saskatchewan Human Tissue Gift Act 1978, s.11.  
Yukon  Human Tissue Gift Act 1986, s.10.

Clarification of Answer by czh-ga on 10 Oct 2003 09:46 PDT
Hello again,

The reference you’re looking for is in the first document I have
listed in my answer. It’s on page 3 of the pdf document. NOTE:
Throughout my answer, the links shown are followed by short quotes
from that link/document.

http://www.spr-consilio.com/LivingOrganProviders.pdf 
Paying Living Organ Providers 

Good luck.

~ czh ~

Clarification of Answer by czh-ga on 10 Oct 2003 15:45 PDT
I'm glad to hear that the research was useful. Thank you for the tip
and five stars.

~ czh ~
voidhack-ga rated this answer:5 out of 5 stars and gave an additional tip of: $5.00
Great answer. Sums up very well what information was available on the net.

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