Hi margaret10,
Thank you for an interesting question.
PEARL HARBOR STATISTICS
http://www.mdw.army.mil/fs-m11.htm
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The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941
http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm
"When the attack ended shortly before 10:00 a.m., less than two hours
after it began, the American forces has paid a fearful price.
Twenty-one ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet were sunk or damaged: the
battleships USS Arizona (BB-39), USS California (BB-44), USS Maryland
(BB-46), USS Nevada (BB-36), USS Oklahoma (BB-37), USS Pennsylvania
(BB-38), USS Tennessee (BB-43) and USS West Virginia (BB-48); cruisers
USS Helena (CL-50), USS Honolulu (CL-48) and USS Raleigh (CL-7); the
destroyers USS Cassin (DD-372), USS Downes (DD-375), USS Helm (DD-388)
and USS Shaw (DD-373); seaplane tender USS Curtiss (AV-4); target ship
(ex-battleship) USS Utah (AG-16); repair ship USS Vestal (AR-4);
minelayer USS Oglala (CM-4); tug USS Sotoyomo (YT-9); and Floating
Drydock Number 2. Aircraft losses were 188 destroyed and 159 damaged,
the majority hit before the had a chance to take off. American dead
numbered 2,403. That figure included 68 civilians, most of them killed
by improperly fused anti-aircraft shells landing in Honolulu. There
were 1,178 military and civilian wounded.
Japanese losses were comparatively light. Twenty-nine planes, less
than 10 percent of the attacking force, failed to return to their
carriers."
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Military.com
http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_pearlharbor.htm
Japanese losses were comparatively light. Twenty-nine planes, less
than 10 percent of the attacking force, failed to return to their
carriers. The Japanese success was..."
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Pearl Harbor
http://www.worldwar2history.info/Pearl-Harbor/
The Japanese lost 29 planes over Oahu, one large submarine (on 10
December), and all five of the midget submarines. Their personnel
losses (according to Japanese sources) were 55 airmen, nine crewmen on
the midget submarines, and an unknown number on the large submarines.
The Japanese carrier task force sailed away undetected and unscathed.
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
http://www.fact-index.com/a/at/attack_on_pearl_harbor.html
"The Japanese planes bombed all the US military air bases on the
island (the biggest was the U.S. Army air base at Hickam Field), and
the ships anchored at Pearl, including "Battleship Row". The
battleship USS Arizona blew up, turned over, and sank with a loss of
over 1,100 men, nearly half of the American dead. It became and
remains a memorial to those lost that day. Seven other battleships and
twelve other ships were sunk or damaged, 188 aircraft were destroyed,
and 2,403 Americans lost their lives.
On November 26 a fleet of six aircraft carriers commanded by Japanese
Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo left Hitokapu Bay headed for Pearl Harbor
under strict radio silence.
The Japanese aircraft carriers were: Akagi, Hiryu, Kaga, Shokaku,
Soryu, Zuikaku. Together they had a total of 441 planes, including
fighters, torpedo-bombers, dive-bombers, and fighter-bombers. The
planes attacked in two waves, and Admiral Nagumo decided to forego a
third attack in favor of withdrawing. Of these, 55 were lost during
the battle."
[edit]
Longer-term effects
"In the longer term, however, the Pearl Harbor attack was an
unmitigated strategic disaster for Japan. Indeed Yamamoto Isoroku,
whose idea the Pearl Harbor attack was, had predicted that even a
successful attack on the U.S. Fleet would not win a Nipponese-American
war. In the first place, one of the main Japanese objectives was the
three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific, but these
had sortied from Pearl Harbor a few days before the attack and escaped
unharmed. Putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission, was
widely regarded--by both Navies--as a tremendous success for the
Japanese. The elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with
no choice but to put its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines,
these being most of what was left--and these were the tools with which
the U.S. Navy halted and then reversed the Japanese advance. The loss
of the battleships didn't turn out to be as important as most everyone
thought before (in Japan) and just after (in Japan and the U.S.) the
attack.
Most significantly of all, the Pearl Harbor attack galvanized a
divided nation into action as little else could have done. Overnight,
it made the whole of America utterly determined to defeat Japan, and
it probably made possible the unconditional surrender position taken
by the Allied Powers. Some historians believe that Japan was doomed to
defeat by the attack on Pearl Harbor itself, regardless of whether the
fuel depots and machine shops were destroyed or if the carriers had
been in port and sunk."
[edit]
Aftermath
"Despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to
America, only five ships were permanently lost to the Navy. These were
the battleships USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma, the old target ship USS
Utah, and the destroyers USS Cassin and USS Downes; nevertheless, much
usable material was salvaged from them, including the two aft main
turrets from the Arizona. Four ships sunk during the attack were later
raised and returned to duty, including the battleships USS California,
USS West Virginia and USS Nevada. Of the 22 Japanese ships that took
part in the attack, only one survived the war.
There are many who say that the Japanese would have been wise to have
attacked with a third strike to destroy the oil storage facilities,
machine shops and dry docks at Pearl Harbor. Destruction of these
facilities would have greatly increased the U.S. Navy's difficulties
as the nearest Fleet facilities would have been several thousand miles
east of Hawaii on the West Coast of the States. Admiral Nagumo
declined to order a third strike for several reasons.
First, losses during the second strike had been more significant than
during the first, a third strike could have been expected to suffer
still worse losses.
Second, the first two strikes had essentially used all the previously
prepped aircraft available, so a third strike would have taken some
time to prepare, allowing the Americans time to, perhaps, find and
attack Nagumo's force. The location of the American carriers was and
remained unknown to Nagumo.
Third, the Japanese planes had not practiced attack against the Pearl
Harbor shore facilities and organizing such an attack would have taken
still more time, though several of the strike leaders urged a third
strike anyway.
Fourth, the fuel situation did not permit remaining on station north
of Pearl Harbor much longer. The Japanese were acting at the limit of
their logistical ability to support the strike on Pearl Harbor. To
remain in those waters for much longer would have risked running
unacceptably low on fuel.
Fifth, the timing of a third strike would have been such that aircraft
would probably have returned to their carriers after dark. Night
operations from aircraft carriers were in their infancy in 1941, and
neither the Japanese nor anyone else had developed reliable technique
and doctrine.
Sixth, the second strike had essentially completed the entire mission,
neutralization of the American Pacific Fleet.
Finally, there was the simple danger of remaining near one place for
too long. The Japanese were very fortunate to have escaped detection
during their voyage from the Inland Sea to Hawaii. The longer they
remained off Hawaii, they more danger they were in, e.g., from a lucky
U.S. Navy submarine, or from the absent American carriers."
[edit]
"Closer to the moment of the attack, the attacking planes were
detected and tracked by an Army radar installation being used for
training, mini-subs were sighted and attacked ourside Pearl Harbor and
at least one was sunk -- all before the planes came within bombing
range."
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Fact Sheet: Pearl Harbor (scroll to U.S. Personnel Casualties)
http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/pearl/aftermath/facts.htm
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Attack%20on%20Pearl%20Harbor
Infoplease.com - Pearl Harbor Remembered - "A date which will live in infamy"
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/pearlharbor1.html
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Best regards,
tlspiegel |
